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实行果品套袋是减少污染、提高果品质量、增加商品价值的有效途径之一,生产中已被广泛应用。但近几年来.套袋红富士苹果果面不同程度地出现了果锈,反而严重降低了果实外观质量,影响了出口,从而影响了经济效益的提高。为解决这一问题,我们进行了大量调查,在总结经验的基础上,提出了预防果锈的几项措施,现总结如下:一、果锈产生的原因1.所用的果袋质量差近几年来,广大果农为降低生产成本,普遍采用价格低廉的低质纸袋,这是导致产生果锈的重要原因。据调查,使用质量好纸袋,其果锈发生率低,而价低质次的纸袋,尤其是一些无标识的小作坊袋,果锈发生率高达33%以上。产生果锈多的果袋其特征是:纸张透气性差、吸水性强、排水性差,特别是内袋吸水后变得湿润(包括果实蒸腾作用产生的水分),则更易产生果锈或造成果锈程度严重。2.套袋操作不规范套袋时未将果袋撑开,排水、排气孔未打开,封口时未将果袋封严,致使药水、雨水,甚至露水顺袋口的缝隙流入袋内积存,使果实浸泡在水中,皮孔受刺激爆裂木栓化形成锈斑。阴雨天或早晨果面水分未干便套袋亦会加重果锈的发生。3.套袋前乱用农药坐果后与套袋期是果毛的脱落期,也是许多病虫害侵染和发生的盛期,此期果面皮孔还未角质化,如喷药不当套袋后更易引起果锈的发生,如喷用乳剂,加入增效剂、展着剂等刺激性药物,药物浓度过高、溶解不良,药具喷嘴过粗、压力过大,喷嘴距果实过近以及阴天雾天喷药等易诱发果锈的产生。4.套袋时间不恰当果锈发生与套袋时间早晚有直接关系。套袋过早,果毛脱落皮孔未角质化,套袋后受水气、高温的刺激,导致皮孔破裂并木栓化形成果锈;套袋过晚,则幼果在自然中暴露时间过长,因各种因素影响导致果面粗糙等,尤其是低温、高温易造成
Fruit bagging is to reduce pollution, improve fruit quality, increase the value of goods, an effective way to produce has been widely used. However, in recent years, the fruits of bagged red Fuji apples appear fruit rust to varying degrees, but seriously reduce the appearance quality of fruits and affect the export, thus affecting the improvement of economic benefits. In order to solve this problem, we carried out a large number of investigations. On the basis of summing up the experience, we put forward several measures to prevent fruit rust. The results are summarized as follows: I. Causes of fruit rust 1. The fruit bags used are of poor quality In recent years, the majority of growers in order to reduce production costs, the widespread use of low-cost low-quality paper bags, which is an important cause of fruit rust. According to the survey, the use of good quality paper bags, the incidence of rust rust is low, and the price of low-quality paper bags, especially some unmarked small workshop bags, fruit rust incidence as high as 33%. The fruit bag with more fruit rust is characterized by poor air permeability, strong water absorption and poor drainage, especially when the inner bag becomes wet after absorbing water (including the water produced by the transpiration of fruits), the fruit rust is more likely to be generated or the fruit rust is caused Seriously. Bagging operation is not standardized bagging open when the bag is not open, drainage, exhaust vent is not open, the bag is not sealed when the seal seal, resulting in syrup, rain, and even the mouth of the bag along the dew flow into the bag , So that the fruit soaked in water, skin irritation burst wood cork to form rust spots. Rainy days or morning fruit surface water is not dry bag will also increase the incidence of fruit rust. 3. Bagging agrochemical use of pesticides and bagging after the fruit is the off period, but also the influx of many pests and occurrence of the peak, this period of skin pores have not yet keratinized, such as improper spraying bagging easier to cause The occurrence of fruit rust, such as spraying with emulsion, adding synergist, spreading agents and other irritating drugs, drug concentration is too high, poor dissolution, nozzle too thick medicine, the pressure is too large, the nozzle is too close to the fruit and the cloudy fog Days spraying and other susceptible to rust fruit rust. Bagging time is not appropriate If rust occurs with the bagging time has a direct relationship. Bagging premature, off the dermatogamy exfoliation, after bagging by the water vapor, high temperature stimulation, leading to leather hole rupture and cork to form rust fruit; bagging too late, the young fruit in nature exposure time Too long, due to various factors that lead to rough fruit, etc., especially low temperature, high temperature easily cause