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Abstract： The researches of metaphors now are mainly at or above the lingual level of sentences. However， there are a few documents on the study of the metaphors of words， because many scholars do not believe that the metaphors can be created at the lexical level. HR management is branch of management field， and its vocabulary involves special situational contextual factors and strong functionality. From the perspective of functionalist skopos theory， this paper analyzes the metaphor phenomenon in HRM vocabulary， and detects that it includes simple word metaphor， compound word metaphor and derivative word metaphor. Based on the analysis of HRM word metaphor phenomenon， the integration model of metaphor culture oriented to functionalist skopos is set up. The metaphor research at the level of HRM words can help to intensify and consummate the translation research of HRM works.
Key words ： metaphor， functionalist， translation strategies， HRM
Cognitivemetaphortheorybelievesthatmetaphorisacognitivephenomenon，animportantfeatureofhumanbeings’abstractivethinking，andthemetaphoricallanguageisderivativeandthespecificrepresentationofmetaphoricalthinking.AccordingtothecognitivelinguistLakoff，thehumanbeings’languagesasawholeareametaphoricalsignsystem，andthemetaphorsusedinlanguagesaresurfacephenomena，andwhatreallyfunctionsisthemetaphoricalconceptshiddeninsidepeople’sconceptualsystem.Hismetaphoricalconceptsystem，suchasthe“sourcedomain”，the“targetdomain”andthe“imaging”，havepavedoutanewpathforthestudyofmetaphorsfromtheperspectiveofcognition.Thesourcedomainnormallyistheknownorfamiliarobjects，thetargetdomainisstrangeorunfamiliarabstractobjects，andtheimagingoftheexperiencesofthesourcedomaintothetargetdomainwillachievetheaimtore-recognizethefeaturesofthetargetdomain.Withthecombinationofthecognitivemetaphoricaltheory，theauthorbelievesitisbettertocarryoutthetranslationstudyoftheEnglishphenomenafromtheperspectiveofGermanfunctionalisttheory，breaksthelimitationsoftheequivalencetheory，startwiththefidelity，thesuitabilityoftargetreaders’artisticconception，exploredeepermeaningsofthe“sourcedomain”，andrealizetheprocessfromunfamiliarityofthe“sourcedomain”totargetreaders’familiaritywiththe“targetdomain”.Thisprocessistheonefordemetaphorizing.Metaphorsaresemanticmedia，whichwillguidepeopletogainsemanticunderstandingsorhelppeopletogainnewknowledge，understandandexperiencenewthingsbasedontheconceptsthathavebeendevelopedandformedthroughtheaccumulationoftheirownexperiences. “Theresearchesofmetaphorsnowaremainlyatorabovethelinguallevelofsentences.However，thereareafewdocumentsonthestudyofthemetaphorsofwords，becausemanyscholarsdonotbelievethatthemetaphorscanbecreatedatthelexicallevel”（CaiJigang，2008）.Mr.CaiJigang，aprofessorofFudanUniversity，haspointedoutinhisarticle-ResearchontheComparisonofFormationandProportionofEnglishandChineseMetaphoricalWords“therearetwokindsofmetaphoricalwords：onecomesfromtheextendedsenses，whiletheothercomesfromnewformation.Therefore，asinglewordcanalsobemetaphorical.Onthebasisofexplainingthedefinitionandmechanismofmetaphoricalwords，thecomparisonofthe434EnglishandChinesewordsin12semanticscenarioshasprovedthat，（1）theproportionofEnglishmetaphoricalwordstothewholevocabularyishigherthanthoseinChinese；（2）thenumberofextendedfigurativemeaningsfromEnglishmetaphoricalwordsislargerthanthatfromChinesemetaphoricalwords；（3）theleveloftransparencyandmotivationinEnglishmetaphoricalwordsislowerthanthoseofChinese”（CaiJigang，2008）.With“metaphorsofwords”asthekeysearchingwords，theauthorhassearchedtheCNKIfortheresearchdocumentsreleasedbetween2002to2016.Thesearchingresultisthatatotalnumberof79，738documentshasbeenfound，inwhichthereare92documentsaboutscienceandtechnology，13，157aboutcomputerandIT，648aboutteachingandeducation，andthereareasmallquantityofdocumentsformanagement.TheresultshowsthatonlyafewresearcheshavebeenconductedinHRMfield.Therefore，IwillfocusonthemetaphoricalfeaturesandtranslationstrategiesofHRMtermsinthispaper，andhopefullyitwillbehelpfulforthestudiesofotherscholars.
I. Metaphorical phenomena in HRM terms
1.1Metaphorofsinglemorphemewords
Singlemorphemewordsaretheonesthatconsistofsinglemorphemes.AccordingtoShuDingfeng（2000：110），therearethreekindsofmetaphoricalwords：extendedsenses，forexample：crane（鶴—起重机）；theconversionofwordproperty，forexample，wolf（狼—做出狼一样的行为）；compoundingwords，suchascobblestone（鹅卵石）.Thestudyofthesinglemorphemewordsinthischapterstartsfromnouns，verbsandadjectives，whichfeaturesthemostnumberofmetaphoricalwords.
ThenumberofasingleEnglishmorphemewordthatcanhaveextendedmeaningsnotonlyrepresentsalargerproportion；moreover，thenumberoffigurativemeaningsfromawordisveryconsiderable.Forexample，theChinesecharacter“鼻”（nose），itonlyhasoneextendedmeaning：foundingorestablishing；butinEnglish，theword“nose"canhasasmanyas12figurativemeanings：senseofsmell；characteristicsfragranceofwines；searchorinquire；theforwardendofanaircraft，arocket，orasubmarine；findoutbyorasifbysmell；touchwiththenose，；move，push，ormakewithorasifwiththenose；causesomethingtodriveslowly；defeatbyanarrowmargin；notice；informer（CaiJigang，2008）.TakingtheGHCT2015astheexample，IwilldiscussthemetaphorofsinglemorphemewordsinHRMterms. 1aGlobalorganizationstodaymustnavigatea“newworldofwork”.（GHCT2015：2）
1b如今，工作的方式在世界各地的公司都与过去完全不同。
2aOuradviceissimple：Jumpintothefraywithenthusiasm.（GHCT2015：11）
2b我们的建议非常简单：用积极的心态迎接挑战。
3aThecompany’sCLO，FaustoPalumbo，presentedaboldviewthatlearningcouldbeastrategicleverwithintheorganizationtochangethewayemployeesthinkandact.（GHCT2015：28）
Intheabovesentences，wecanfindthatthemetaphoricalwordsaredevelopedonthebasisofoldwordsandgivennewmeanings.Themetaphoricalmechanismistoseekthesimilarpointsbetweenthenewobjectstobeconceptualizedandtheoldmeaningsthathavebeenconceptualized，projectafamiliarconceptualdomaintoanotherunfamiliarconceptualdomain，orusetheexperienceofacognitivedomaintounderstandtheexperienceofanothercognitivedomain（Lakoff，1993：207），soastoformthenecessarynewmeanings.Kurz（1988：16）says“weoftenexpressorpresentnewthingswiththehelpofoldmeanings.Fromthispoint，ourlanguagesandtheextentofourunderstandingoftheselanguagesaremetaphorical”.Forexample，“分流”（waterdiversion），originallymeansthediversionoffloodtolowerthewaterlevelofthemainstream，anditfurtherextendstomeantheseparationofpedestriansystemfromvehiclesystemorcapitaldistribution.In1ato3asentences，navigate：驾驶、航行、航空（tocontrolthecourseofashiporanaircraft）—适应（toadaptto）；fray：争吵（quarrel）—挑战（challenge）；gap：裂缝，缺口（acleftorbreach）—差距（difference）；lever：杠杆（asimplemachineconsistingofarigidbarpivotedonafixedpointandusedtotransmitforce）--用来影响别人的事物（meansofaccomplishing；atool）；Metaphoricalwordsareactuallythesemanticchangeprocess，atransferringprocessfromonesemanticdomaintoanothersemanticdomain，and“itisaprocessinwhichawordswitchingfromitsbasicmeaningstoanothernon-basicbutmuchvividerimages”（Kopperschmidt，ascitedbyFengXiaohu，2004：15）.
1.2Metaphorofcompoundwords
Themetaphoricalmeaningofsinglemorphemewordsmainlycomesfromtheextendedsenseoftheoriginalmeaningofaword，whilethecompoundmetaphoricalwordscomefrom：i）theextendedsenseoftheoriginalmeaningofaword，forexample，biggame（largeanimalsorfishhunted—importantobjectives）；ii）theformationofnewwords.Thefigurativemeaningiscreatedthroughthecombinationofmorphemes，sothebasicmeaningsofsuchcompoundwordsarefigurative，suchasbrainwash（洗腦），bighearted（慷慨的），andcouchpotato（终日懒散的人）.
ThenumberofmetaphoricalcompoundwordsinEnglishisabsolutelysmallerthanthoseinChinese（becauseChinesewordsmostlycomefromcompounding），butfeaturesahigherproportion；themetaphoricalcompoundwordsinEnglisharebasicallymetaphors.Deignan（2001）gaveanexampleof127metaphoricalcompoundwords，inwhichtherewere121metaphors，accountfor95percent.Mostofthewordsarenouns.Theinternalstructureofthewordsisnotmerelythemeansandmethodsofwordformation，anditreflectsthethinkingpatternsmore.Chinesepeopleintendto“makethingscertainbycomparingtosomethingelse”，drawanalogyafterthethingsaremadecertain，andthennamethethingsafterotherthingswithsimilarappearancefromthenature. 1.3Metaphorofderivativewords
6aNewcognitivetechnologiesaredisplacingworkersandreengineeringwork…（GHCT2015：2）
6b新技术在替代某些员工的同时也改变了工作流程……
7aWhilechangingbehavioramongmanagersoftenprovesharderthansimplyuncoveringfacts，manycompaniesareusinganalyticstoidentifywaystoincreaseengagementorboostretention.（GHCT2015：73）
7b虽然高层管理者经常变化的管理政策提高了通过数据分析得到提高员工敬业度的因子的难度，但是仍然有公司在提供这种分析服务。
Theunderliningwordsin6aisthezeroderivativeofnounandleadstofigurativemeaningsdifferentfromtheoriginalmeanings，butitisoflowmotivations.Accordingtotheword“Engineer”（Onewhoistrainedorprofessionallyengagedinabranchofengineering--toplan），thereengineeringinthesentenceistranslatedas“改变或改造”（tochangeortransform）.In7a，theunderliningword“uncover”（揭露，toreveal）istranslatedas“得到”（toget）.Afteraverbderivesanoriginalverb，itoftencomeswithametaphoricalmeaning.
Ⅱ. Strategies of E-C translation of metaphorical HRM terms
2.1Completelyequivalentmeaning-basedstrategiesofE-Ctranslation
Completeequivalenceistheidealformtotransferthemeaningsequivalently.IfEnglishandChinesehavethecompatiblemeaningsandmatchingforms，theirfunctionaleffectivenessandculturalcognitionwillbecompletelyequivalent，thatistosaythattheconformityofdecodingformsofthetwolingualinformation.Suchmetaphorswillbeprocessedwiththecompletelyequivalentmeaning-basedtranslationstrategies.
（1）Equivalentmeaning-basedmethods
Thereiscompleteequivalenceintheimagingofmeanings，culturalfactorsandotheraspectsinEnglishandChinesemetaphors，soitispossibletodirectlyfollowthecontentsandformsofsourcetexts.Forexample：Behaviorallyanchoredratingscale（行為锚定等级评价法），AmoebaManagement（变形虫式管理），Benchmarkingmanagement（标杆管理），Bottom-LineConcept（底线概念），CareerPlateau（职业高原）；
（2）Transplantingmeaning-basedmethods
Ifawordisuniqueinthesourcetextbutdoesnotexistsinthetargetlanguage，andthevehicleofitsmetaphorisquitefamiliarwiththetargettextreadersandbearsgreatsimilaritytothetenor，suchmetaphorwillbeabletobetransplantedtotheTLthroughtheforeignizationmeaning-basedmethods.Forexample：cutoffscore（录用分数线），careeranchors（职业动机），collectivebargaining（劳资谈判）；
2.2Partiallyequivalentmeaning-basedE-Ctranslationstrategies
Partiallyequivalentmeaning-basedmethodwillbeusedwhenthemetaphoricalimagesofsomeHRMtermsdonotcompletelyconformtoChinesethinkingandpresentation.
（1）Partialreplacementmeaning-basedmethod
SomeimagesonlycertaindegreeofequivalenceinEnglishandChineselanguagesandcultures.Itwillleadtothedistortionofthoughtsiftheliteraltranslatingmethodisreluctantlyused.DuringthetranslationofsuchmetaphoricalwordsfromEnglishintoChinese，itisnecessarytoretainpartsofSLimagesandforotherparts，replacethemwithappropriateTLimagessoastoachievethesimilarityinbothformsandspiritsandenhancetheperception.Forexample：cultureshock（文化冲突），scatterplot（散点分析）； （2）Partialexplanationmeaning-basedmethods
SomenewmetaphoricalmeaningscannotfindaccurateandsimpleequivalenceinChinese，sodirecttransplantationwillleadtothedifficultyinreaders’understanding.Tosolvethisproblem，itisnecessarytointroducethemetaphoricalconceptsandrepresentationsintotheTLthroughmetaphoricalmeaning；inthemeantime，toconductnecessaryexplanationstotheconceptualdomainscontainedintheSL.Forexample：Definedcontribution（固定缴款），Employeeorientation（雇员上岗引导），Orientation（导向培训），DecisionTreeInduction（决策树分类算法）.
2.3Analogymeaning-basedE-Ctranslationstrategies
Analogyisthecomplexextendedmetaphor.Ittakesparallelcomparisonofdifferentobjectswithmultiplesimilarpointsandsameargumentations.Thequestionswillbeexplainedintheprocessofmutualreferenceandanalogy（ZhangXiaobo，2007：43）.
（1）Similaranalogymeaning-basedmethod
Duringtheprocessoftranslation，atranslatorconductssemanticassociationtowardthesimilaritythatiscommonamongdifferentobjectswithcognitiveexperience，carriesoutanalogyandreasoningoftenorsandvehicles，andthenproducesaseriesofnewterminologythatissimilartotheTLmetaphors.SuchChineseterminologyisaccurate，simpleandcaneffectivelytransfermessages.Forexample：
Corevalue（核心價值观），coreworker（核心员工），coreworkforce（核心工作团队）；
Linestructure（直线结构），LineManager（直线经理），Line-staffRelationship（直线参谋关系）；
（2）Opposite-meaninganalogymeaning-basedmethods
Basedontheoppositefocusesbetweentenorsandvehicles，atranslatorcreatesnewwordsofoppositemeaningsbyusingitemsoforiginalwordssoastohighlighttherepresentationeffectsoftheoriginalwiththeopposite.Forexample：
Overproduction（生产过剩），underproduction（生产不足）；
Bottomline（底线），topline（上线）；
（3）Functionalanalogymeaning-basedmethod
Duringtheprocessoftranslation，atranslatorimagesthefamiliartothenewobjectsbyexploringthefunctionalsimilaritybetweentenorsandvehiclessoastocreatenewterminologythatiseasytounderstandandaccept.Forexample：
Open-door（敞开门户），Glassceiling（无形限制），Job-Family（工作群）.
IV.Conclusion
Inconclusion，translationdoesnotonlymeanthetranslationofwords，sentencesortexts，butalsomeanguidingthecooperationinimages，spanningculturalbarriersandpromotingfunctionalcommunication.Translationbehaviorsattachgreatimportancetoprovidingtherecipientswithafunctionalcommunicativetext，namely，atextoftargetlanguagewhichreachesfunctionalcompatibilitywiththecultureoftargetlanguageintermsofformandstyle.Therefore，weshouldanalyzethemetaphorofHRMwordsfromthefunctionperspective.ThepaperisaimedtostudyChinesetranslationinthemanagementfieldatadeeperlevel，hopingtoprovidemorevaluableadviceforHRMtranslationresearch.
Bibliography：
[1]Lakoff，G.Thecontemporarytheoryofmetaphor[A].InA.Ortony（ed.）MetaphorandThought[C].Cambridge：CUP.202-251，1993.
[2]Moorc，F.Ontakingmetaphorsliterally[A].InD.Miall（ed.）Metaphors：ProblemsandPerspectives[C].Brighton：HarvesterPress，1-13.
[3]Blom，J-PandGumperz，JJ.Socialmeaninginlinguisticstructures：code-swichinginNorway[A].InGumperzandHymes，1972.
[4]陈小慰.简评“译文功能理论”.上海科技翻译，1995，（4）：23-24.
[5]张美芳.功能加忠诚——介评克里斯汀诺德的功能翻译理论，外国语，2005，（1）：60-65.
作者简介：
秦臻，对外经济贸易大学，金肯职业技术学院。
Key words ： metaphor， functionalist， translation strategies， HRM
Cognitivemetaphortheorybelievesthatmetaphorisacognitivephenomenon，animportantfeatureofhumanbeings’abstractivethinking，andthemetaphoricallanguageisderivativeandthespecificrepresentationofmetaphoricalthinking.AccordingtothecognitivelinguistLakoff，thehumanbeings’languagesasawholeareametaphoricalsignsystem，andthemetaphorsusedinlanguagesaresurfacephenomena，andwhatreallyfunctionsisthemetaphoricalconceptshiddeninsidepeople’sconceptualsystem.Hismetaphoricalconceptsystem，suchasthe“sourcedomain”，the“targetdomain”andthe“imaging”，havepavedoutanewpathforthestudyofmetaphorsfromtheperspectiveofcognition.Thesourcedomainnormallyistheknownorfamiliarobjects，thetargetdomainisstrangeorunfamiliarabstractobjects，andtheimagingoftheexperiencesofthesourcedomaintothetargetdomainwillachievetheaimtore-recognizethefeaturesofthetargetdomain.Withthecombinationofthecognitivemetaphoricaltheory，theauthorbelievesitisbettertocarryoutthetranslationstudyoftheEnglishphenomenafromtheperspectiveofGermanfunctionalisttheory，breaksthelimitationsoftheequivalencetheory，startwiththefidelity，thesuitabilityoftargetreaders’artisticconception，exploredeepermeaningsofthe“sourcedomain”，andrealizetheprocessfromunfamiliarityofthe“sourcedomain”totargetreaders’familiaritywiththe“targetdomain”.Thisprocessistheonefordemetaphorizing.Metaphorsaresemanticmedia，whichwillguidepeopletogainsemanticunderstandingsorhelppeopletogainnewknowledge，understandandexperiencenewthingsbasedontheconceptsthathavebeendevelopedandformedthroughtheaccumulationoftheirownexperiences. “Theresearchesofmetaphorsnowaremainlyatorabovethelinguallevelofsentences.However，thereareafewdocumentsonthestudyofthemetaphorsofwords，becausemanyscholarsdonotbelievethatthemetaphorscanbecreatedatthelexicallevel”（CaiJigang，2008）.Mr.CaiJigang，aprofessorofFudanUniversity，haspointedoutinhisarticle-ResearchontheComparisonofFormationandProportionofEnglishandChineseMetaphoricalWords“therearetwokindsofmetaphoricalwords：onecomesfromtheextendedsenses，whiletheothercomesfromnewformation.Therefore，asinglewordcanalsobemetaphorical.Onthebasisofexplainingthedefinitionandmechanismofmetaphoricalwords，thecomparisonofthe434EnglishandChinesewordsin12semanticscenarioshasprovedthat，（1）theproportionofEnglishmetaphoricalwordstothewholevocabularyishigherthanthoseinChinese；（2）thenumberofextendedfigurativemeaningsfromEnglishmetaphoricalwordsislargerthanthatfromChinesemetaphoricalwords；（3）theleveloftransparencyandmotivationinEnglishmetaphoricalwordsislowerthanthoseofChinese”（CaiJigang，2008）.With“metaphorsofwords”asthekeysearchingwords，theauthorhassearchedtheCNKIfortheresearchdocumentsreleasedbetween2002to2016.Thesearchingresultisthatatotalnumberof79，738documentshasbeenfound，inwhichthereare92documentsaboutscienceandtechnology，13，157aboutcomputerandIT，648aboutteachingandeducation，andthereareasmallquantityofdocumentsformanagement.TheresultshowsthatonlyafewresearcheshavebeenconductedinHRMfield.Therefore，IwillfocusonthemetaphoricalfeaturesandtranslationstrategiesofHRMtermsinthispaper，andhopefullyitwillbehelpfulforthestudiesofotherscholars.
I. Metaphorical phenomena in HRM terms
1.1Metaphorofsinglemorphemewords
Singlemorphemewordsaretheonesthatconsistofsinglemorphemes.AccordingtoShuDingfeng（2000：110），therearethreekindsofmetaphoricalwords：extendedsenses，forexample：crane（鶴—起重机）；theconversionofwordproperty，forexample，wolf（狼—做出狼一样的行为）；compoundingwords，suchascobblestone（鹅卵石）.Thestudyofthesinglemorphemewordsinthischapterstartsfromnouns，verbsandadjectives，whichfeaturesthemostnumberofmetaphoricalwords.
ThenumberofasingleEnglishmorphemewordthatcanhaveextendedmeaningsnotonlyrepresentsalargerproportion；moreover，thenumberoffigurativemeaningsfromawordisveryconsiderable.Forexample，theChinesecharacter“鼻”（nose），itonlyhasoneextendedmeaning：foundingorestablishing；butinEnglish，theword“nose"canhasasmanyas12figurativemeanings：senseofsmell；characteristicsfragranceofwines；searchorinquire；theforwardendofanaircraft，arocket，orasubmarine；findoutbyorasifbysmell；touchwiththenose，；move，push，ormakewithorasifwiththenose；causesomethingtodriveslowly；defeatbyanarrowmargin；notice；informer（CaiJigang，2008）.TakingtheGHCT2015astheexample，IwilldiscussthemetaphorofsinglemorphemewordsinHRMterms. 1aGlobalorganizationstodaymustnavigatea“newworldofwork”.（GHCT2015：2）
1b如今，工作的方式在世界各地的公司都与过去完全不同。
2aOuradviceissimple：Jumpintothefraywithenthusiasm.（GHCT2015：11）
2b我们的建议非常简单：用积极的心态迎接挑战。
3aThecompany’sCLO，FaustoPalumbo，presentedaboldviewthatlearningcouldbeastrategicleverwithintheorganizationtochangethewayemployeesthinkandact.（GHCT2015：28）
Intheabovesentences，wecanfindthatthemetaphoricalwordsaredevelopedonthebasisofoldwordsandgivennewmeanings.Themetaphoricalmechanismistoseekthesimilarpointsbetweenthenewobjectstobeconceptualizedandtheoldmeaningsthathavebeenconceptualized，projectafamiliarconceptualdomaintoanotherunfamiliarconceptualdomain，orusetheexperienceofacognitivedomaintounderstandtheexperienceofanothercognitivedomain（Lakoff，1993：207），soastoformthenecessarynewmeanings.Kurz（1988：16）says“weoftenexpressorpresentnewthingswiththehelpofoldmeanings.Fromthispoint，ourlanguagesandtheextentofourunderstandingoftheselanguagesaremetaphorical”.Forexample，“分流”（waterdiversion），originallymeansthediversionoffloodtolowerthewaterlevelofthemainstream，anditfurtherextendstomeantheseparationofpedestriansystemfromvehiclesystemorcapitaldistribution.In1ato3asentences，navigate：驾驶、航行、航空（tocontrolthecourseofashiporanaircraft）—适应（toadaptto）；fray：争吵（quarrel）—挑战（challenge）；gap：裂缝，缺口（acleftorbreach）—差距（difference）；lever：杠杆（asimplemachineconsistingofarigidbarpivotedonafixedpointandusedtotransmitforce）--用来影响别人的事物（meansofaccomplishing；atool）；Metaphoricalwordsareactuallythesemanticchangeprocess，atransferringprocessfromonesemanticdomaintoanothersemanticdomain，and“itisaprocessinwhichawordswitchingfromitsbasicmeaningstoanothernon-basicbutmuchvividerimages”（Kopperschmidt，ascitedbyFengXiaohu，2004：15）.
1.2Metaphorofcompoundwords
Themetaphoricalmeaningofsinglemorphemewordsmainlycomesfromtheextendedsenseoftheoriginalmeaningofaword，whilethecompoundmetaphoricalwordscomefrom：i）theextendedsenseoftheoriginalmeaningofaword，forexample，biggame（largeanimalsorfishhunted—importantobjectives）；ii）theformationofnewwords.Thefigurativemeaningiscreatedthroughthecombinationofmorphemes，sothebasicmeaningsofsuchcompoundwordsarefigurative，suchasbrainwash（洗腦），bighearted（慷慨的），andcouchpotato（终日懒散的人）.
ThenumberofmetaphoricalcompoundwordsinEnglishisabsolutelysmallerthanthoseinChinese（becauseChinesewordsmostlycomefromcompounding），butfeaturesahigherproportion；themetaphoricalcompoundwordsinEnglisharebasicallymetaphors.Deignan（2001）gaveanexampleof127metaphoricalcompoundwords，inwhichtherewere121metaphors，accountfor95percent.Mostofthewordsarenouns.Theinternalstructureofthewordsisnotmerelythemeansandmethodsofwordformation，anditreflectsthethinkingpatternsmore.Chinesepeopleintendto“makethingscertainbycomparingtosomethingelse”，drawanalogyafterthethingsaremadecertain，andthennamethethingsafterotherthingswithsimilarappearancefromthenature. 1.3Metaphorofderivativewords
6aNewcognitivetechnologiesaredisplacingworkersandreengineeringwork…（GHCT2015：2）
6b新技术在替代某些员工的同时也改变了工作流程……
7aWhilechangingbehavioramongmanagersoftenprovesharderthansimplyuncoveringfacts，manycompaniesareusinganalyticstoidentifywaystoincreaseengagementorboostretention.（GHCT2015：73）
7b虽然高层管理者经常变化的管理政策提高了通过数据分析得到提高员工敬业度的因子的难度，但是仍然有公司在提供这种分析服务。
Theunderliningwordsin6aisthezeroderivativeofnounandleadstofigurativemeaningsdifferentfromtheoriginalmeanings，butitisoflowmotivations.Accordingtotheword“Engineer”（Onewhoistrainedorprofessionallyengagedinabranchofengineering--toplan），thereengineeringinthesentenceistranslatedas“改变或改造”（tochangeortransform）.In7a，theunderliningword“uncover”（揭露，toreveal）istranslatedas“得到”（toget）.Afteraverbderivesanoriginalverb，itoftencomeswithametaphoricalmeaning.
Ⅱ. Strategies of E-C translation of metaphorical HRM terms
2.1Completelyequivalentmeaning-basedstrategiesofE-Ctranslation
Completeequivalenceistheidealformtotransferthemeaningsequivalently.IfEnglishandChinesehavethecompatiblemeaningsandmatchingforms，theirfunctionaleffectivenessandculturalcognitionwillbecompletelyequivalent，thatistosaythattheconformityofdecodingformsofthetwolingualinformation.Suchmetaphorswillbeprocessedwiththecompletelyequivalentmeaning-basedtranslationstrategies.
（1）Equivalentmeaning-basedmethods
Thereiscompleteequivalenceintheimagingofmeanings，culturalfactorsandotheraspectsinEnglishandChinesemetaphors，soitispossibletodirectlyfollowthecontentsandformsofsourcetexts.Forexample：Behaviorallyanchoredratingscale（行為锚定等级评价法），AmoebaManagement（变形虫式管理），Benchmarkingmanagement（标杆管理），Bottom-LineConcept（底线概念），CareerPlateau（职业高原）；
（2）Transplantingmeaning-basedmethods
Ifawordisuniqueinthesourcetextbutdoesnotexistsinthetargetlanguage，andthevehicleofitsmetaphorisquitefamiliarwiththetargettextreadersandbearsgreatsimilaritytothetenor，suchmetaphorwillbeabletobetransplantedtotheTLthroughtheforeignizationmeaning-basedmethods.Forexample：cutoffscore（录用分数线），careeranchors（职业动机），collectivebargaining（劳资谈判）；
2.2Partiallyequivalentmeaning-basedE-Ctranslationstrategies
Partiallyequivalentmeaning-basedmethodwillbeusedwhenthemetaphoricalimagesofsomeHRMtermsdonotcompletelyconformtoChinesethinkingandpresentation.
（1）Partialreplacementmeaning-basedmethod
SomeimagesonlycertaindegreeofequivalenceinEnglishandChineselanguagesandcultures.Itwillleadtothedistortionofthoughtsiftheliteraltranslatingmethodisreluctantlyused.DuringthetranslationofsuchmetaphoricalwordsfromEnglishintoChinese，itisnecessarytoretainpartsofSLimagesandforotherparts，replacethemwithappropriateTLimagessoastoachievethesimilarityinbothformsandspiritsandenhancetheperception.Forexample：cultureshock（文化冲突），scatterplot（散点分析）； （2）Partialexplanationmeaning-basedmethods
SomenewmetaphoricalmeaningscannotfindaccurateandsimpleequivalenceinChinese，sodirecttransplantationwillleadtothedifficultyinreaders’understanding.Tosolvethisproblem，itisnecessarytointroducethemetaphoricalconceptsandrepresentationsintotheTLthroughmetaphoricalmeaning；inthemeantime，toconductnecessaryexplanationstotheconceptualdomainscontainedintheSL.Forexample：Definedcontribution（固定缴款），Employeeorientation（雇员上岗引导），Orientation（导向培训），DecisionTreeInduction（决策树分类算法）.
2.3Analogymeaning-basedE-Ctranslationstrategies
Analogyisthecomplexextendedmetaphor.Ittakesparallelcomparisonofdifferentobjectswithmultiplesimilarpointsandsameargumentations.Thequestionswillbeexplainedintheprocessofmutualreferenceandanalogy（ZhangXiaobo，2007：43）.
（1）Similaranalogymeaning-basedmethod
Duringtheprocessoftranslation，atranslatorconductssemanticassociationtowardthesimilaritythatiscommonamongdifferentobjectswithcognitiveexperience，carriesoutanalogyandreasoningoftenorsandvehicles，andthenproducesaseriesofnewterminologythatissimilartotheTLmetaphors.SuchChineseterminologyisaccurate，simpleandcaneffectivelytransfermessages.Forexample：
Corevalue（核心價值观），coreworker（核心员工），coreworkforce（核心工作团队）；
Linestructure（直线结构），LineManager（直线经理），Line-staffRelationship（直线参谋关系）；
（2）Opposite-meaninganalogymeaning-basedmethods
Basedontheoppositefocusesbetweentenorsandvehicles，atranslatorcreatesnewwordsofoppositemeaningsbyusingitemsoforiginalwordssoastohighlighttherepresentationeffectsoftheoriginalwiththeopposite.Forexample：
Overproduction（生产过剩），underproduction（生产不足）；
Bottomline（底线），topline（上线）；
（3）Functionalanalogymeaning-basedmethod
Duringtheprocessoftranslation，atranslatorimagesthefamiliartothenewobjectsbyexploringthefunctionalsimilaritybetweentenorsandvehiclessoastocreatenewterminologythatiseasytounderstandandaccept.Forexample：
Open-door（敞开门户），Glassceiling（无形限制），Job-Family（工作群）.
IV.Conclusion
Inconclusion，translationdoesnotonlymeanthetranslationofwords，sentencesortexts，butalsomeanguidingthecooperationinimages，spanningculturalbarriersandpromotingfunctionalcommunication.Translationbehaviorsattachgreatimportancetoprovidingtherecipientswithafunctionalcommunicativetext，namely，atextoftargetlanguagewhichreachesfunctionalcompatibilitywiththecultureoftargetlanguageintermsofformandstyle.Therefore，weshouldanalyzethemetaphorofHRMwordsfromthefunctionperspective.ThepaperisaimedtostudyChinesetranslationinthemanagementfieldatadeeperlevel，hopingtoprovidemorevaluableadviceforHRMtranslationresearch.
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作者简介：
秦臻，对外经济贸易大学，金肯职业技术学院。