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【摘要】 目的:观察间断和“持续”血液灌流对急性百草枯中毒患者的临床疗效。方法:回顾性研究本院急性百草枯中毒患者59例,所有患者均采用内科常规综合治疗,分为A组26例采用间断血液灌流,B组33例采用“持续”血液灌流,根据患者预后又分为死亡组和存活组。结果:A、B两组患者性别、年龄、服药剂量、服药后至入院治疗时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A、B两组患者治疗疗效比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),B组死亡患者存活时间长于A组(P<0.05);与存活组相比,死亡组服药剂量明显增高。结论:间断和“持续”血液灌流对于百草枯中毒患者疗效相同,“持续”血液灌流能明显延长中毒死亡患者的存活时间,中毒患者死亡因素主要与患者服用百草枯剂量有关。
【关键词】 血液灌流; 百草枯; 病死率
【Abstract】 Objective:To assess the clinical effects of intermittent and continuous hemoperfusion on acute paraquat poisoning. Method:59 patients with acute paraquat poisoning were randomly divided into two groups,A group composed of 26 patients were treated with intermittent hemoperfusion and continuous hemoperfusion was administered in B group composed of 33 patients. All patients were treated with conventional medication. then, According to the prognosis of the patients was divided into death group and survival group. Result:There were no significant difference in Gender, age, the toxic dose, and after the poisoning to hospitalization time between the two groups (P>0.05). Therapeutic effect of the A and B group had no difference(P>0.05). The survival time of death patients in the B group was longer than that of death patients in the A group (P<0.05). Compared with the survival group, the toxic dose was higher significantly in death group. Conclusion:There is no difference in the clinical efficacy between intermittent and continuous hemoperfusion on acute paraquat poisoning,continuous hemoperfusion can prolong the survival time of death obviously,the main causes of death is related to the toxic dose.
【Key words】 Paraquat poisoning; Hemoperfusion; Mortality
百草枯是目前被广泛使用的吡啶类速效高毒性触灭型农业除草剂,分子量为257.16,中毒死亡率为25%~76%,有报道可高达80%。人口服致死量为30~40 mg/kg,20%百草枯水剂儿童约4.5 mL,成人约10~20 mL,中毒后对多脏器具有毒性作用且无特异性解毒药。血液灌流是利用具有广谱解毒效应的碳性肾清除中毒病人体内有害毒物或外源性毒物的方法,临床主要用于药物及化学毒物的毒素清除,也是目前清除百草枯中毒的有效治疗手段。目前针对百草枯中毒后常规治疗方案及血液灌流治疗策略仍存在不确定性因素[1-2],临床中逐渐发现血液灌流策略的不同对患者预后可产生明显影响,因此本研究通过对本院2011年前后59例采用不同血液灌流方案治疗百草枯中毒患者的回顾性临床分析,探讨不同血液灌流策略对百草枯中毒患者预后的影响,并探讨中毒患者死亡因素。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 2009年6月-2011年10月及2011年11月-2013年10月期间因百草枯中毒就诊于本院急诊转至ICU的患者。纳入标准:口服20%百草枯单一毒物中毒,既往身体健康,无心肝肾肺功能疾病史,如冠心病、肾功能不全、肝功能不全等,在中毒后1~24 h入院治疗。排除标准:服用百草枯后4 h及10 h后尿检百草枯阴性患者;合并有其他毒物或药物中毒;创伤及其他功能性疾病急性发作期的患者。共收集患者59例,其中2009年6月-2011年10月间A组患者26例,其中男15例,女11例;2011年11月-2013年10月期间B组患者33例,其中男18例,女15例,两组患者性别、年龄、服药量及服药后入院治疗时间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。
1.2 治疗方法 所有患者入院后即行常规治疗:予洗胃、导泻促进毒物排泄,活性炭胃注吸附毒物, 应用竞争性药物普萘洛尔与结合于肺的毒物竞争以利于毒物的释放, 大剂量环磷酰胺和甲泼尼松龙防止肺纤维化, 维生素C、还原性谷胱甘肽等抗过氧化及清除自由基, 氧分压小于40 mm Hg或急性呼吸窘迫综合征时用>21%浓度氧吸入或呼吸机辅助通气治疗,并适当补充体液、维持水电解质平衡等治疗。常规治疗同时,患者及家属签字同意后于入院6 h内既采用血液灌流治疗(HP)治疗,使用丽珠血液灌流器HA230两个,灌流器依次冲洗:5%葡萄糖500 mL、含肝素50 mg的生理盐水2500 mL、含肝素100 mg的生理盐水500 mL(循环浸泡20 min),不含肝素的生理盐水500 mL冲洗后备用。血液通路采用股静脉双腔留置导管建立,首次共约5 h后HP结束,血流量150~200 mL/min,管道肝素抗凝,普通肝素首剂25~30 U/kg,追加5~15 U/(kg·h)。A组患者首次HP后采用依次两灌(HA230及HA330)血液灌流,1次/d,共约5 h,连续1周。B组患者首次HP后采用百草枯尿液检测试剂盒检测尿中百草枯浓度[3],如尿液浓度高于3 μg/mL,3 h后继续HP治疗,依次两灌(HA230及HA330)共5 h,后再复测尿中百草枯浓度,如尿百草枯浓度仍高于3 μg/mL,间隔3 h再次HP,反复上述循环至患者尿液检测百草枯浓度在0~3 μg/mL,后6 h再次复测,如出现百草枯浓度上升,继续采用上述方法HP。灌流中根据血小板、凝血功能,随时调整肝素用量,密切观察患者神志,生命体征及尿量的变化,必要时输血制品。所有患者随访至出院后2个月。 参考文献
[1] Liu Y,Qiu Q M,Ge Y, et al.Effects of hemoperfusion on plasma concentration and histopathological changes in paraquat poisoning rabbits[J]. Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, 2011, 29(10): 735-739.
[2] Liu P,He Y Z,Zhang X G, et al.[Studying the therapeutic effects of hemoperfusion with continuous venovenous hemofiltration on the patients with acute paraquat poisoning[J]. Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, 2011, 29(4): 266-269.
[3] 杨丽君,何庆. 以循证医学方法为百草枯中毒制定治疗方案 [J]. 中国危重病急救医学, 2011, 23(10):45.
[4] 林涛,汪红霞. 重复血液灌流治疗对急性百草枯中毒的疗效观察 [J]. 中国医学创新杂志, 2013, 10(25): 27-28.
[5] Eddleston M,Adhikari S,Egodage S, et al. Effects of a provincial ban of two toxic organophosphorus insecticides on pesticide poisoning hospital admissions [J]. Clin Toxicol (Phila), 2012, 50(3): 202-209.
[6] Kang C,Kim S C,Lee S H, et al. Absolute lymphocyte count as a predictor of mortality in emergency department patients with paraquat poisoning [J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(10): e78160.
[7] Liu X W,Ma T,Qu B, et al. Prognostic value of initial arterial lactate level and lactate metabolic clearance rate in patients with acute paraquat poisoning [J]. Am J Emerg Med, 2013, 31(8): 1230-1235.
[8] 郁慧杰,方强. 重度急性百草枯中毒患者的临床资料分析 [J]. 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志, 2010, 28(10): 786-787.
[9] 孙凯,吕金如,刘霞,等. 血液净化治疗急性百草枯中毒疗效的Meta分析 [J]. 实用临床医药杂志, 2011, 15(12): 49-51.
[10] 成中凤.急性百草枯中毒的临床诊疗分析[J]. 中国医学创新,2013,10(7):100-101.
[11] Qiu Q M,Liu Y,Song Q, et al. Effects of hemoperfusion on oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in acute paraquat poisoning rabbits [J]. Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases,, 2012, 30(2): 89-96.
[12] Huang Z,Wang S R,Yang Z L, et al. Effect on extrapulmonary sepsis-induced acute lung injury by hemoperfusion with neutral microporous resin column [J]. Ther Apher Dial, 2013, 17(4): 454-61.
[13] Juneja D,Singh O,Bhasin A, et al. Severe suicidal digoxin toxicity managed with resin hemoperfusion: A case report [J]. Indian J Crit Care Med, 2012, 16(4): 231-233.
[14]龚德华,季大玺. 急性中毒的血液净化治疗 [J]. 肾脏病与透析肾移植杂志, 2005,3(9): 281-284.
[15] 高峰,原文进,樊丽娥.以血液灌流为主综合治疗抢救百草枯中毒疗效观察[J].中国医学创新,2011, 8(24):147-149.
(收稿日期:2014-04-04) (本文编辑:陈丹云)
【关键词】 血液灌流; 百草枯; 病死率
【Abstract】 Objective:To assess the clinical effects of intermittent and continuous hemoperfusion on acute paraquat poisoning. Method:59 patients with acute paraquat poisoning were randomly divided into two groups,A group composed of 26 patients were treated with intermittent hemoperfusion and continuous hemoperfusion was administered in B group composed of 33 patients. All patients were treated with conventional medication. then, According to the prognosis of the patients was divided into death group and survival group. Result:There were no significant difference in Gender, age, the toxic dose, and after the poisoning to hospitalization time between the two groups (P>0.05). Therapeutic effect of the A and B group had no difference(P>0.05). The survival time of death patients in the B group was longer than that of death patients in the A group (P<0.05). Compared with the survival group, the toxic dose was higher significantly in death group. Conclusion:There is no difference in the clinical efficacy between intermittent and continuous hemoperfusion on acute paraquat poisoning,continuous hemoperfusion can prolong the survival time of death obviously,the main causes of death is related to the toxic dose.
【Key words】 Paraquat poisoning; Hemoperfusion; Mortality
百草枯是目前被广泛使用的吡啶类速效高毒性触灭型农业除草剂,分子量为257.16,中毒死亡率为25%~76%,有报道可高达80%。人口服致死量为30~40 mg/kg,20%百草枯水剂儿童约4.5 mL,成人约10~20 mL,中毒后对多脏器具有毒性作用且无特异性解毒药。血液灌流是利用具有广谱解毒效应的碳性肾清除中毒病人体内有害毒物或外源性毒物的方法,临床主要用于药物及化学毒物的毒素清除,也是目前清除百草枯中毒的有效治疗手段。目前针对百草枯中毒后常规治疗方案及血液灌流治疗策略仍存在不确定性因素[1-2],临床中逐渐发现血液灌流策略的不同对患者预后可产生明显影响,因此本研究通过对本院2011年前后59例采用不同血液灌流方案治疗百草枯中毒患者的回顾性临床分析,探讨不同血液灌流策略对百草枯中毒患者预后的影响,并探讨中毒患者死亡因素。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 2009年6月-2011年10月及2011年11月-2013年10月期间因百草枯中毒就诊于本院急诊转至ICU的患者。纳入标准:口服20%百草枯单一毒物中毒,既往身体健康,无心肝肾肺功能疾病史,如冠心病、肾功能不全、肝功能不全等,在中毒后1~24 h入院治疗。排除标准:服用百草枯后4 h及10 h后尿检百草枯阴性患者;合并有其他毒物或药物中毒;创伤及其他功能性疾病急性发作期的患者。共收集患者59例,其中2009年6月-2011年10月间A组患者26例,其中男15例,女11例;2011年11月-2013年10月期间B组患者33例,其中男18例,女15例,两组患者性别、年龄、服药量及服药后入院治疗时间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。
1.2 治疗方法 所有患者入院后即行常规治疗:予洗胃、导泻促进毒物排泄,活性炭胃注吸附毒物, 应用竞争性药物普萘洛尔与结合于肺的毒物竞争以利于毒物的释放, 大剂量环磷酰胺和甲泼尼松龙防止肺纤维化, 维生素C、还原性谷胱甘肽等抗过氧化及清除自由基, 氧分压小于40 mm Hg或急性呼吸窘迫综合征时用>21%浓度氧吸入或呼吸机辅助通气治疗,并适当补充体液、维持水电解质平衡等治疗。常规治疗同时,患者及家属签字同意后于入院6 h内既采用血液灌流治疗(HP)治疗,使用丽珠血液灌流器HA230两个,灌流器依次冲洗:5%葡萄糖500 mL、含肝素50 mg的生理盐水2500 mL、含肝素100 mg的生理盐水500 mL(循环浸泡20 min),不含肝素的生理盐水500 mL冲洗后备用。血液通路采用股静脉双腔留置导管建立,首次共约5 h后HP结束,血流量150~200 mL/min,管道肝素抗凝,普通肝素首剂25~30 U/kg,追加5~15 U/(kg·h)。A组患者首次HP后采用依次两灌(HA230及HA330)血液灌流,1次/d,共约5 h,连续1周。B组患者首次HP后采用百草枯尿液检测试剂盒检测尿中百草枯浓度[3],如尿液浓度高于3 μg/mL,3 h后继续HP治疗,依次两灌(HA230及HA330)共5 h,后再复测尿中百草枯浓度,如尿百草枯浓度仍高于3 μg/mL,间隔3 h再次HP,反复上述循环至患者尿液检测百草枯浓度在0~3 μg/mL,后6 h再次复测,如出现百草枯浓度上升,继续采用上述方法HP。灌流中根据血小板、凝血功能,随时调整肝素用量,密切观察患者神志,生命体征及尿量的变化,必要时输血制品。所有患者随访至出院后2个月。 参考文献
[1] Liu Y,Qiu Q M,Ge Y, et al.Effects of hemoperfusion on plasma concentration and histopathological changes in paraquat poisoning rabbits[J]. Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, 2011, 29(10): 735-739.
[2] Liu P,He Y Z,Zhang X G, et al.[Studying the therapeutic effects of hemoperfusion with continuous venovenous hemofiltration on the patients with acute paraquat poisoning[J]. Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, 2011, 29(4): 266-269.
[3] 杨丽君,何庆. 以循证医学方法为百草枯中毒制定治疗方案 [J]. 中国危重病急救医学, 2011, 23(10):45.
[4] 林涛,汪红霞. 重复血液灌流治疗对急性百草枯中毒的疗效观察 [J]. 中国医学创新杂志, 2013, 10(25): 27-28.
[5] Eddleston M,Adhikari S,Egodage S, et al. Effects of a provincial ban of two toxic organophosphorus insecticides on pesticide poisoning hospital admissions [J]. Clin Toxicol (Phila), 2012, 50(3): 202-209.
[6] Kang C,Kim S C,Lee S H, et al. Absolute lymphocyte count as a predictor of mortality in emergency department patients with paraquat poisoning [J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(10): e78160.
[7] Liu X W,Ma T,Qu B, et al. Prognostic value of initial arterial lactate level and lactate metabolic clearance rate in patients with acute paraquat poisoning [J]. Am J Emerg Med, 2013, 31(8): 1230-1235.
[8] 郁慧杰,方强. 重度急性百草枯中毒患者的临床资料分析 [J]. 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志, 2010, 28(10): 786-787.
[9] 孙凯,吕金如,刘霞,等. 血液净化治疗急性百草枯中毒疗效的Meta分析 [J]. 实用临床医药杂志, 2011, 15(12): 49-51.
[10] 成中凤.急性百草枯中毒的临床诊疗分析[J]. 中国医学创新,2013,10(7):100-101.
[11] Qiu Q M,Liu Y,Song Q, et al. Effects of hemoperfusion on oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in acute paraquat poisoning rabbits [J]. Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases,, 2012, 30(2): 89-96.
[12] Huang Z,Wang S R,Yang Z L, et al. Effect on extrapulmonary sepsis-induced acute lung injury by hemoperfusion with neutral microporous resin column [J]. Ther Apher Dial, 2013, 17(4): 454-61.
[13] Juneja D,Singh O,Bhasin A, et al. Severe suicidal digoxin toxicity managed with resin hemoperfusion: A case report [J]. Indian J Crit Care Med, 2012, 16(4): 231-233.
[14]龚德华,季大玺. 急性中毒的血液净化治疗 [J]. 肾脏病与透析肾移植杂志, 2005,3(9): 281-284.
[15] 高峰,原文进,樊丽娥.以血液灌流为主综合治疗抢救百草枯中毒疗效观察[J].中国医学创新,2011, 8(24):147-149.
(收稿日期:2014-04-04) (本文编辑:陈丹云)