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Medical devices are increasingly implanted and with this, device-related infections and their costs increase as well.Infection remains a primary unresolved common clinical problem across many different device classes in diverse implant scenarios.Peri-operative surgical contamination and pathogen-device colonization remains formidable at several levels, spanning basic research to the clinic.Despite the many biomaterials designs,innovations and antimicrobial approaches continuing to address infection prophylaxis and infection treatments, few approaches ever make it to clinical or commercial use.