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Liu Qinglong， professor at School of Public Policy and Management of Tsinghua University and expert at Employment and Social Security Research Center of Tsinghua University， said， the first thing about delayed retirement should be indentifying who were the supporters and who are the opponents. “No one that mainly is engaged in labor works is willing to delay retirement， and those who want to delay retirement are surely not labor workers.” He thought， delayed retirement only take the interests of the mental workers into account， while those of the physical workers are neglected. “For those physical workers， their work hour exceed 8 hours， and they physical ability are long exhausted when their body are most energetic， and they all hope that their body can recover when they retire， how can they still want to postpone their retirement age？”
Compared with the honesty and straightforwardness of the experts and the public， the Chinese government seems more prudent. Yin Weimin from Ministry of Human Resource and Social Security said， delayed retirement is a relatively complicated social policy and relates to the population composition， the labor force supply and the healthy development of social security fund. “After this policy is released， there are various voices among different social groups. We will consider all opinions and conduct rounds of research in formulating this policy. This policy itself emphasizes ‘progressiveness’ and it should be carried out “by steps and phases progressively”.
对于社会上的不同意见，清华大学公共管理学院教授、就业与社会保障研究中心专家刘庆龙表示，在延迟退休的问题上，首先应该先搞清楚是什么人赞成延迟，哪些人反对，“在劳动一线的人没有想延迟退休的，想延迟退休的都不在体力劳动一线上。”他认为，延迟退休政策更多地顾及了脑力劳动者的利益，一定程度上未考量体力劳动者的利益，“对于一线的体力劳动者，他们根本不是八个小时工作制，在劳动力最旺盛的时候，体力全都透支，他们希望在退休时能养养身体，怎么可能愿意延迟退休？”
相比于专家及民众在延迟退休问题上的直言快语，中国政府部门则显得相对谨慎。中国人社部尹蔚民表示，延迟退休是比较复杂的社会政策。因为它涉及到人口的结构，劳动力供给以及社会保障基金的健康发展。“这个决定公布以后，社会各界包括不同群体还有不同的看法和不同的认识，所以我们在制定这个政策当中，会认真听取各个方面的意见，进行充分的论证。延迟退休政策本身就是强调‘渐进性’，核心是要‘小步、分阶段、渐进式’推进。”
The approach for the implementation of delayed retirement in foreign countries is usually progressive， taking US as an example， the current retirement age in US is 66， and it will be postponed to 67 till 2017. The US takes 15 years to postpone retirement age from 65 to 67 with pubic announcement. It is a progressive process， each year postponing two or three months. Its upside is that it avoids the impact radical reform which will exert on different social groups， create room to hear and absorb public opinions and policies like a “buffer” and mitigate the resistance of the policy. This flexible method considers the interest of different groups， respects the rights of individual freedom to choose retirement age， and the opponents， thereby reducing the resistance in the way of reform. Hu Xiaoyi， Deputy Minister of Ministry of Human Resource and Social Security of PRC said， to worry whether the delayed retirees would compete with the youth in job market was very reasonable. However， new jobs are the real solution. “Aging is at once a challenge and an opportunity. It can create huge job demand. The government should strictly curb early retirement， strengthen pension insurance insensitive mechanism， adjust industry structure， create more jobs suitable for seniors who therefore will not compete with youth in job market， enhance skills training for the seniors， and minimize the negative impact of delayed retirement”.
其实，国外延迟退休改革均采取了渐进式。以美国为例，美国现行退休年龄是66岁，并且到2017年要统一提高到67岁。从65岁提高到67岁，美国用了15年的时间把退休年龄提高了两岁，并且有公布公告，逐步延长，每年延长一两个月，两三个月。正是考虑到激进地延迟退休政策会对社会不同阶层群体利益带来冲击，而“渐进式”可以起到“缓冲剂”的效果，为倾听和吸收民意以及政策的及时调整创造空间，从而减轻政策实施阻力。而“弹性”原则可以尽可能地照顾到不同群体的利益，尊重不同个体自由选择退休年龄的权利，从而减少反对的声音，因此能有效地减轻改革推进的阻力。
对于延迟退休是否会跟青年人争夺就业岗位这个问题，人社部副部长胡晓义坦言，这样的顾虑不无道理。但是，真正的出路在于创造新岗位，新就业机会。“社会老龄化是一种挑战也是机遇，本身就将产生大量岗位需求。在延迟退休的同时，国家还将严格控制提前退休，强化养老保险激励机制，调整产业结构，开发更多适合中老年人、又不与青年人争夺工作机会的岗位，加强中老年人技能培训等，最大限度降低延迟退休的不利影响。”
Besides， to support late retirement， many countries implement the economically simulative progressive pension system. For instance， the German government proposed a plan named “Move 50+” which aimed to promote the seniors 50 and over to continue to work. The main approaches are： for the labor party， the unemployed seniors are encouraged to take jobs which pay less than before， and the unemployment insurance company will make corresponding compensation； for the management party， government will give them certain subsidiary with the precondition that the company must provide jobs. German legislation already sanctifies this plan. In Japan， retirement age for the company is 60， while for professors the requirement age is 65. But since 2007， Japan has promoted the system of postponing the retirement age to 70. Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare once set up an insensitive reward in which the government will grant a maximal 1.6 million yen allowance to the small and medium enterprises that are willing to postpone retirement age to 70.
此外，为了鼓励劳动者延迟退休，不少国家实施在经济上富有激励效果的阶梯式退休金领取制度。比如，德国政府提出了一个名为“动议50+”的计划，就是针对50岁及50岁以上的群体，促进他们的就业。主要办法是：就劳方来说，鼓励失业的老年人从事工资待遇不及失业前的工作，由失业保险公司支付一定比例的补偿；就资方来说，政府给予一定的补贴，条件是公司必须提供工作岗位。德国立法机构也已经批准了这一计划。在日本，企业员工退休年龄为60岁左右， 大学教授为65岁。但从2007年开始，日本曾着手在企业中普及70岁退休制度。为此，厚生劳动省当年尝试设立奖励制度，如果中小企业将职员退休年龄提高至70岁以上，国家将给予最高160万日元的补助金。 China's "dual-trace pension system" calls for urgent change
中国 “养老双轨制”亟待改变
In China， many experts believe， to reverse the attitude of the public towards delayed retirement， more works should be done on combining China’s “dual-trace pension system”. Early in the beginning of 1990s， China has established the pension insurance social pooling system for the enterprise workers and employees， which stands against the pension system for the public service staffs， hence forming the “dual-track pension system” with unique Chinese transitional economy feature. Under this system， the public service staffs don't need pay their pension before retirement， which are all covered by the national budget； while the workers and employees in companies should pay their pension with their company before retirement. Moreover， the pension amount for the staff in public service can account for 80% to 90% of their salary when they are still in service； while the pension amount for the company only account for 40% to 60% of their salary when they are still in service. China’s “dual-trace pension system” hence divides the labor force into “inside the system” and “outside the system”.
就中国而言，不少专家认为，要想真正改变民众对延迟退休改革的抵触情绪，还要在“养老双轨制”并轨上下功夫。早在上世纪90年代初，中国确立了针对企业职工的养老保险社会统筹制度。这与之前的机关事业单位退休人员退休金制度并立，从而，形成了极具中国社会转型色彩的“养老双轨制”。在“养老双轨制”下，机关事业单位退休人员的退休金不需要本人在退休前缴纳，全部由财政负责；而企业退休员工的养老金由用人单位和职工在其退休前共同缴纳。而且，从现实来看，机关事业单位退休人员退休金可达到在职工资的八九成，而企业退休员工的养老金只能达到在职工资的四至六成。“养老双轨制”就这样人为地将劳动者划分为体制内和体制外。
In 2014， Chinese government report has clearly pointed out that， efforts should be made to set up a unified basic pension insurance for rural and urban residents， to reform the pension insurance system for the public service institutions， to encourage the development of company annuity， professional annuity and business insurance. This means that， the controversial combination of “dual-track pension system” will achieve substantial progress by seizing the opportunity of pension insurance system reform for the public service. Hu Xiaoyi said， the public service institutions should implement a mode similar with the enterprises， i.e.， the basic insurance system which combines social pooling and personal account. This not only helps achieve social equity， but also helps facilitate the flow of human resource. He said， we should set up a payment system paid by the unit and individuals， a social pooling fund and personal account fund， which can help implement the coordinated arrangement and regulated use of capital. The pension burden of different enterprises should be balanced out using the law of majority.
2014年，中国政府工作报告中明确指出要建立统一的城乡居民基本养老保险制度，改革机关事业单位养老保险制度，鼓励发展企业年金、职业年金和商业保险。这意味着，以机关事业单位养老保险制度改革为契机，备受争议的“养老双轨制”并轨将有可能取得实质性进展。对此，胡晓义表示，机关事业单位应该实行与企业目前大体一致的模式，也就是社会统筹和个人账户相结合的基本养老保险制度模式。这样有利于实现社会公平，也有利于实现人力资源的合理流动。他介绍说，要实行单位和个人双方缴费制度，然后建立社会统筹基金和个人账户基金，这样就可以实行资金的统筹安排和调剂使用，用大数法则来均衡企业之间的退休养老负担。
Compared with the honesty and straightforwardness of the experts and the public， the Chinese government seems more prudent. Yin Weimin from Ministry of Human Resource and Social Security said， delayed retirement is a relatively complicated social policy and relates to the population composition， the labor force supply and the healthy development of social security fund. “After this policy is released， there are various voices among different social groups. We will consider all opinions and conduct rounds of research in formulating this policy. This policy itself emphasizes ‘progressiveness’ and it should be carried out “by steps and phases progressively”.
对于社会上的不同意见，清华大学公共管理学院教授、就业与社会保障研究中心专家刘庆龙表示，在延迟退休的问题上，首先应该先搞清楚是什么人赞成延迟，哪些人反对，“在劳动一线的人没有想延迟退休的，想延迟退休的都不在体力劳动一线上。”他认为，延迟退休政策更多地顾及了脑力劳动者的利益，一定程度上未考量体力劳动者的利益，“对于一线的体力劳动者，他们根本不是八个小时工作制，在劳动力最旺盛的时候，体力全都透支，他们希望在退休时能养养身体，怎么可能愿意延迟退休？”
相比于专家及民众在延迟退休问题上的直言快语，中国政府部门则显得相对谨慎。中国人社部尹蔚民表示，延迟退休是比较复杂的社会政策。因为它涉及到人口的结构，劳动力供给以及社会保障基金的健康发展。“这个决定公布以后，社会各界包括不同群体还有不同的看法和不同的认识，所以我们在制定这个政策当中，会认真听取各个方面的意见，进行充分的论证。延迟退休政策本身就是强调‘渐进性’，核心是要‘小步、分阶段、渐进式’推进。”
The approach for the implementation of delayed retirement in foreign countries is usually progressive， taking US as an example， the current retirement age in US is 66， and it will be postponed to 67 till 2017. The US takes 15 years to postpone retirement age from 65 to 67 with pubic announcement. It is a progressive process， each year postponing two or three months. Its upside is that it avoids the impact radical reform which will exert on different social groups， create room to hear and absorb public opinions and policies like a “buffer” and mitigate the resistance of the policy. This flexible method considers the interest of different groups， respects the rights of individual freedom to choose retirement age， and the opponents， thereby reducing the resistance in the way of reform. Hu Xiaoyi， Deputy Minister of Ministry of Human Resource and Social Security of PRC said， to worry whether the delayed retirees would compete with the youth in job market was very reasonable. However， new jobs are the real solution. “Aging is at once a challenge and an opportunity. It can create huge job demand. The government should strictly curb early retirement， strengthen pension insurance insensitive mechanism， adjust industry structure， create more jobs suitable for seniors who therefore will not compete with youth in job market， enhance skills training for the seniors， and minimize the negative impact of delayed retirement”.
其实，国外延迟退休改革均采取了渐进式。以美国为例，美国现行退休年龄是66岁，并且到2017年要统一提高到67岁。从65岁提高到67岁，美国用了15年的时间把退休年龄提高了两岁，并且有公布公告，逐步延长，每年延长一两个月，两三个月。正是考虑到激进地延迟退休政策会对社会不同阶层群体利益带来冲击，而“渐进式”可以起到“缓冲剂”的效果，为倾听和吸收民意以及政策的及时调整创造空间，从而减轻政策实施阻力。而“弹性”原则可以尽可能地照顾到不同群体的利益，尊重不同个体自由选择退休年龄的权利，从而减少反对的声音，因此能有效地减轻改革推进的阻力。
对于延迟退休是否会跟青年人争夺就业岗位这个问题，人社部副部长胡晓义坦言，这样的顾虑不无道理。但是，真正的出路在于创造新岗位，新就业机会。“社会老龄化是一种挑战也是机遇，本身就将产生大量岗位需求。在延迟退休的同时，国家还将严格控制提前退休，强化养老保险激励机制，调整产业结构，开发更多适合中老年人、又不与青年人争夺工作机会的岗位，加强中老年人技能培训等，最大限度降低延迟退休的不利影响。”
Besides， to support late retirement， many countries implement the economically simulative progressive pension system. For instance， the German government proposed a plan named “Move 50+” which aimed to promote the seniors 50 and over to continue to work. The main approaches are： for the labor party， the unemployed seniors are encouraged to take jobs which pay less than before， and the unemployment insurance company will make corresponding compensation； for the management party， government will give them certain subsidiary with the precondition that the company must provide jobs. German legislation already sanctifies this plan. In Japan， retirement age for the company is 60， while for professors the requirement age is 65. But since 2007， Japan has promoted the system of postponing the retirement age to 70. Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare once set up an insensitive reward in which the government will grant a maximal 1.6 million yen allowance to the small and medium enterprises that are willing to postpone retirement age to 70.
此外，为了鼓励劳动者延迟退休，不少国家实施在经济上富有激励效果的阶梯式退休金领取制度。比如，德国政府提出了一个名为“动议50+”的计划，就是针对50岁及50岁以上的群体，促进他们的就业。主要办法是：就劳方来说，鼓励失业的老年人从事工资待遇不及失业前的工作，由失业保险公司支付一定比例的补偿；就资方来说，政府给予一定的补贴，条件是公司必须提供工作岗位。德国立法机构也已经批准了这一计划。在日本，企业员工退休年龄为60岁左右， 大学教授为65岁。但从2007年开始，日本曾着手在企业中普及70岁退休制度。为此，厚生劳动省当年尝试设立奖励制度，如果中小企业将职员退休年龄提高至70岁以上，国家将给予最高160万日元的补助金。 China's "dual-trace pension system" calls for urgent change
中国 “养老双轨制”亟待改变
In China， many experts believe， to reverse the attitude of the public towards delayed retirement， more works should be done on combining China’s “dual-trace pension system”. Early in the beginning of 1990s， China has established the pension insurance social pooling system for the enterprise workers and employees， which stands against the pension system for the public service staffs， hence forming the “dual-track pension system” with unique Chinese transitional economy feature. Under this system， the public service staffs don't need pay their pension before retirement， which are all covered by the national budget； while the workers and employees in companies should pay their pension with their company before retirement. Moreover， the pension amount for the staff in public service can account for 80% to 90% of their salary when they are still in service； while the pension amount for the company only account for 40% to 60% of their salary when they are still in service. China’s “dual-trace pension system” hence divides the labor force into “inside the system” and “outside the system”.
就中国而言，不少专家认为，要想真正改变民众对延迟退休改革的抵触情绪，还要在“养老双轨制”并轨上下功夫。早在上世纪90年代初，中国确立了针对企业职工的养老保险社会统筹制度。这与之前的机关事业单位退休人员退休金制度并立，从而，形成了极具中国社会转型色彩的“养老双轨制”。在“养老双轨制”下，机关事业单位退休人员的退休金不需要本人在退休前缴纳，全部由财政负责；而企业退休员工的养老金由用人单位和职工在其退休前共同缴纳。而且，从现实来看，机关事业单位退休人员退休金可达到在职工资的八九成，而企业退休员工的养老金只能达到在职工资的四至六成。“养老双轨制”就这样人为地将劳动者划分为体制内和体制外。
In 2014， Chinese government report has clearly pointed out that， efforts should be made to set up a unified basic pension insurance for rural and urban residents， to reform the pension insurance system for the public service institutions， to encourage the development of company annuity， professional annuity and business insurance. This means that， the controversial combination of “dual-track pension system” will achieve substantial progress by seizing the opportunity of pension insurance system reform for the public service. Hu Xiaoyi said， the public service institutions should implement a mode similar with the enterprises， i.e.， the basic insurance system which combines social pooling and personal account. This not only helps achieve social equity， but also helps facilitate the flow of human resource. He said， we should set up a payment system paid by the unit and individuals， a social pooling fund and personal account fund， which can help implement the coordinated arrangement and regulated use of capital. The pension burden of different enterprises should be balanced out using the law of majority.
2014年，中国政府工作报告中明确指出要建立统一的城乡居民基本养老保险制度，改革机关事业单位养老保险制度，鼓励发展企业年金、职业年金和商业保险。这意味着，以机关事业单位养老保险制度改革为契机，备受争议的“养老双轨制”并轨将有可能取得实质性进展。对此，胡晓义表示，机关事业单位应该实行与企业目前大体一致的模式，也就是社会统筹和个人账户相结合的基本养老保险制度模式。这样有利于实现社会公平，也有利于实现人力资源的合理流动。他介绍说，要实行单位和个人双方缴费制度，然后建立社会统筹基金和个人账户基金，这样就可以实行资金的统筹安排和调剂使用，用大数法则来均衡企业之间的退休养老负担。