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Early 2002， in the Madrid International Plan of Action on Aging， UN called on people to change the attitude towards elderly. Old people should not be seen as the burden of society， but active participants of social progress. Their rights should be respected， and the population aging should be transformed from the pressure for the social economy to a sustainable motive. However， people now are confronted with the problems that the pension system and withdrawing situation cannot meet the demands of population aging， and the source of pension is unstable and insufficient. With the backdrop of population aging， the question that is rising retirement age the wishful thinking of decision-makers or an irresistible trend is closely related to every employer’s benefit and social development.
早于2002年，联合国在其通过的《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》中呼吁称，人们要改变对老年人的态度，老年人不应被看作是社会的负担，而是社会发展过程中积极的参与者，他们的权利必须要得到尊重，应把老龄化从社会经济的压力转变为可持续发展的动力……然而，目前人们却面临着退休金收入及领取状况不适应老龄化的需要，养老金收入来源的制度保障不足等问题。在当前人口老龄化背景下，延迟退休究竟是决策者的一厢情愿，还是大势所趋，已然成为关乎每位劳动者切身利益乃至社会发展之大事。
Supporters
支持派
In 2010， China put into a trial use of “flexible delay the withdrawing of pension” policy in Shanghai. However， since the trail use starts， only several thousands of people volunteered to participate. Compared to millions of retired people in Shanghai， this number shows that most of people are not interested in the new policy. “Rising retirement age is of vital importance to release the impact of population aging and reduce the economic burden of young laborers.” Zhao Yaohui said on the 37th seasonal meeting of “CMRC China Economic Review” held on April 26， 2014. In his opinion， if the elderly is defined as people over 60 years’ old and young labor is defined as people from 20 to 59 years’ old， the percentage of the provided elderly in China will reduce from 4.9% in 2010 to 1.4% in 2050. It means， in 2010， an old people was provided by 5 young people， but in 2050， an old people will have to be provided by 1.5 young people， which is a burden the young people cannot bear. If we view this problem from the perspective of taxation， the “tax rate” of young people will increase from 16.8% in 2010 to 40.9% in 2050， which means young people have to contribute near 41% of their income to provide for old people. Once the retirement age rises， the burden of young people will become less. If we assume the retirement age will reach 65 in 2030 and 70 in 2050， the percentage of the provided elderly in China will remain the same level with 2010， which will control efficiently the increase in the tax young people have to pay. Speaking of retirement age， the 48-year-old Australian Federal Treasurer Joe Hockey said since the life expectancy of modern people has been prolonged， they should work for longer time to save the pension rather than eating the country out of money， but the pensioner now will not be influenced. He called on Australia to abandon the old theory and think about the country’s future more rationally. They can follow the example of UK where the retirement age of people under 30 now will be raised to 70. In this way， Australian people will allow their country to provide sufficient pension for the aging population.
2010年，中国上海试行了“柔性延迟领取养老金”政策。然而，自试行以来，仅有数千人自愿参与。与上海现有的数百万退休职工相比，这一数字表明大部分在职员工对延迟退休“新政”并不感冒。“延迟退休对缓解老龄化的冲击、减轻年轻劳动者的经济负担非常关键。”赵耀辉在2014年4月26日举行的“CMRC中国经济观察”第37次季度报告会上如是表示。在他看来，如果将老年人定义为60岁及以上，将年轻劳动力定义为20岁至59岁，那么中国老年人抚养比将从2010年的4.9下降到2050年的1.4。这意味着2010年是五个年轻人养一个老年人，到了2050年，则变成一个半年轻人就要养一个老人，这将是年轻人难以承受的负担。若从税负率的角度来衡量，年轻劳动力的“税率”将从2010年的16.8%增加到2050年的40.9%。即纯粹为了支付老年人的花销，年轻劳动力将要拿出全部收入的近41%。如果延迟退休，年轻劳动者的负担会因此大大降低。若在2030年将65岁作为退休年龄和在2050年将70岁作为退休年龄，中国老年抚养比在未来40年将基本维持在2010年的水平，从而使得年轻劳动力的“税负”增加十分有限。
在谈到退休年龄时，现年48岁的澳大利亚联邦国库部长霍基表示，由于现代人的预期寿命已延长，所以他们也将工作更长的时间来储蓄养老金，而不是大家一起吃穷国家，但现在已经享受养老金待遇的老年人都不会受到任何影响。他呼吁称，澳洲应该放下旧观念，理性地考虑国家未来，效仿英国政府将该国当前30岁以下人口在未来领取养老金的年龄提高至70岁的做法，这样澳大利亚人才能让国家有足够的资金来养活不断老龄化的人口。
In Germany， the supporters consider it as a “historical” reform and breakthrough. The main basis is the changing structure of population， namely the decreased born rate and less young people； the improved sanitary conditions and the prolonged life expectancy made the elderly increase continuously. If they don’t conduct the reform， the current pension system cannot carry on. At present， the reigning CDU and experts believe rising retirement age is the only correct choice and there are no substitute plans or solutions. If they don’t rise the retirement age， the only option is to reduce pension or increasing premium drastically to keep balance between income and expenditure. Pensioners won’t agree to reduce the pension， and the workers in active service will be against the increase of premium. Therefore， the only feasible measure is to carry out this policy thoroughly.
在德国，赞成者将其视为“历史性”的改革和突破。主要依据是人口结构的变化，即出生率下降，年轻人愈来愈少；卫生条件改善，人均寿命延长，老年人口日渐增多。如不进行改革，养老保险制度难以为继。目前，执政的基民盟和专家学者认为延长退休年龄是唯一正确的选择，没有任何其他可行的替代方案或办法。如果不延长退休年龄，那就只能降低退休金或大幅度增加保费，才能保持收支的平衡。降低退休金，退休者不同意。大幅度增加保费，在岗的职工反对。因此唯一的办法只能是将这一法律贯彻到底。
Opponents
反对派
To those who oppose this policy， delayed retirement will certainly affect the rate of youth employment. Zong Qinghou， Deputy to the NPC， said， “It’s already hard enough for the annual over-seven-million graduates to find jobs， and any delay in retirement age will exacerbate this problem. Time is still not ripe to delay retirement. Our priority should be solving the structural conflicts in employment and improving the income of employees.” According to the statistics from the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of the PRC， among the newly added about 10 million jobs， one third comes from the vacancies given by the retirees. Deng Dasong， Director at the Center for Social Security Studies of Wuhan University， said， due to its insufficient supply of jobs， China does not have the conditions to delay retirement. “With its current labor force reaching over 7 00 million， China does not fall short of labor force at all comparing the absolute labor force and the possible economic condition， and this situation will not be changed radically until 2020. Considering the annual job demand for the college graduates is already about 8 million， plus the demand of peasant workers and other social group who also crave employment， the gap between the supply and demand in job market is huge. Delayed retirement will downsize the amount of jobs， stand in the way of huge number of youth into the job market， causing poisonous effect. Delayed retirement will not only hamper the youth， but also bring huge burdens to the Ministry of Human Resource and Social Security which takes charge of national employment.” 在反对者看来，延迟退休将影响青年就业形势。“每年700多万大学毕业生就业困难，如果再延长退休年限，年轻人就业就更困难了。目前还不是延迟退休的时机，首要的是解决就业的结构性矛盾，提高就业人员的收入问题。”中国人大代表宗庆后如是说。中国人社部的研究数据表明，中国每年新增的1000万左右就业岗位中，三分之一来自退休人员的更替。武汉大学社会保障研究中心主任邓大松称，以中国目前就业岗位的供给状况来看，尚不具备延迟退休条件。“中国目前有7亿多劳动力，劳动力绝对数和可能的经济状况相比，劳动力数量不缺，这一状况在2020年以前不会发生根本改变。每年大学毕业生就业需求约800万个，加上农民工、社会其他就业人群，就业岗位供给的缺口大。如果延迟退休年龄，带来就业岗位减少，将使大量青年不能进入劳动力市场，带来负面影响。延迟退休年龄，不仅是年轻人不愿接受的，主管全国就业工作的人社部也将承担巨大的压力。”
According to a survey on the retirement acceptance among Australians by the Australia Statistics Bureau， the government-supported plan of postponing retirement age to 67 may possibly be opposed by the public. Among the 2.3 million people surveyed， 17% hope that they could retire after 70， 49% hopes that they can retire between 65-69， and 25% hopes they could retire between 60 to 64.
The move to delay retirement also spurs a controversy and a debate in German society and politics. The opponents said， it’s not that seniors over 60 don’t want to work， but that the labor market does not have the environment or the conditions. Forceful advancement and implementation of this reform and law will only reduce the expenditures of pensions and push those people to the verge of hopelessness and poverty. According to the statistics of German Labor Department， in 2009， only 23.4% of the seniors between 60 to 64 can continue to work at the job that they pay legal social security fees. In other words， the danger for those seniors over 60 to lose their jobs is huge. According to the German Labor Department in October， 2007， only 35，500 seniors between 60 to 64 registered unemployment. Till October， 2010， the unemployment population of this cohort already reached 145，500， the danger of unemployment increased over fourfold. According to the Labor Association of Germany， senior between 60 to 64 are hard to join the labor market and delayed retirement is “unaccountable”. Expert estimates that， at least 1.2 million to 3 million jobs should be added to meet this demand if postponing the retirement age by 2 years.
澳大利亚联邦统计局最近一次关于澳洲人退休意向的调查结果显示，政府希望延长退休年龄至67岁的计划很可能将面临人们的反对。在接受统计的230万人中，有17%的人表示他们想在他们70岁以后退休；大约49%打算在65到69岁时退休，还有25%的人想要在60到64岁时退休。
延迟退休改革在德国社会和政坛也掀起了一场风波和辩论，反对者的观点是，不是60岁以上的老年人不愿意继续工作，是劳动市场不具备这一环境和条件。强行推进这一改革并落实这一法律，无非是减少养老保险的支出，并将这部分人推向无助和贫困的边缘。根据德国联邦劳动部的统计，2009年，60至64岁的老年人仍在能够交纳法定社会保险费用的岗位上工作的，只有23.4%。换言之，60岁以后失业的风险很大。据德国联邦劳动局统计，2007年10月，60至64岁的老年人登记失业的只有35500人。到了2010年10月，这一年龄段的失业人口已经达到145500人，失业风险增加了4倍以上。在德国工会看来，在60至64岁的老年人很难融入劳动市场的情况下，延长退休年龄是“不负责任的”。如果退休年龄再提高2岁，专家测算必须增加120万至300万的岗位，才能满足这一需求。
早于2002年，联合国在其通过的《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》中呼吁称，人们要改变对老年人的态度，老年人不应被看作是社会的负担，而是社会发展过程中积极的参与者，他们的权利必须要得到尊重，应把老龄化从社会经济的压力转变为可持续发展的动力……然而，目前人们却面临着退休金收入及领取状况不适应老龄化的需要，养老金收入来源的制度保障不足等问题。在当前人口老龄化背景下，延迟退休究竟是决策者的一厢情愿，还是大势所趋，已然成为关乎每位劳动者切身利益乃至社会发展之大事。
Supporters
支持派
In 2010， China put into a trial use of “flexible delay the withdrawing of pension” policy in Shanghai. However， since the trail use starts， only several thousands of people volunteered to participate. Compared to millions of retired people in Shanghai， this number shows that most of people are not interested in the new policy. “Rising retirement age is of vital importance to release the impact of population aging and reduce the economic burden of young laborers.” Zhao Yaohui said on the 37th seasonal meeting of “CMRC China Economic Review” held on April 26， 2014. In his opinion， if the elderly is defined as people over 60 years’ old and young labor is defined as people from 20 to 59 years’ old， the percentage of the provided elderly in China will reduce from 4.9% in 2010 to 1.4% in 2050. It means， in 2010， an old people was provided by 5 young people， but in 2050， an old people will have to be provided by 1.5 young people， which is a burden the young people cannot bear. If we view this problem from the perspective of taxation， the “tax rate” of young people will increase from 16.8% in 2010 to 40.9% in 2050， which means young people have to contribute near 41% of their income to provide for old people. Once the retirement age rises， the burden of young people will become less. If we assume the retirement age will reach 65 in 2030 and 70 in 2050， the percentage of the provided elderly in China will remain the same level with 2010， which will control efficiently the increase in the tax young people have to pay. Speaking of retirement age， the 48-year-old Australian Federal Treasurer Joe Hockey said since the life expectancy of modern people has been prolonged， they should work for longer time to save the pension rather than eating the country out of money， but the pensioner now will not be influenced. He called on Australia to abandon the old theory and think about the country’s future more rationally. They can follow the example of UK where the retirement age of people under 30 now will be raised to 70. In this way， Australian people will allow their country to provide sufficient pension for the aging population.
2010年，中国上海试行了“柔性延迟领取养老金”政策。然而，自试行以来，仅有数千人自愿参与。与上海现有的数百万退休职工相比，这一数字表明大部分在职员工对延迟退休“新政”并不感冒。“延迟退休对缓解老龄化的冲击、减轻年轻劳动者的经济负担非常关键。”赵耀辉在2014年4月26日举行的“CMRC中国经济观察”第37次季度报告会上如是表示。在他看来，如果将老年人定义为60岁及以上，将年轻劳动力定义为20岁至59岁，那么中国老年人抚养比将从2010年的4.9下降到2050年的1.4。这意味着2010年是五个年轻人养一个老年人，到了2050年，则变成一个半年轻人就要养一个老人，这将是年轻人难以承受的负担。若从税负率的角度来衡量，年轻劳动力的“税率”将从2010年的16.8%增加到2050年的40.9%。即纯粹为了支付老年人的花销，年轻劳动力将要拿出全部收入的近41%。如果延迟退休，年轻劳动者的负担会因此大大降低。若在2030年将65岁作为退休年龄和在2050年将70岁作为退休年龄，中国老年抚养比在未来40年将基本维持在2010年的水平，从而使得年轻劳动力的“税负”增加十分有限。
在谈到退休年龄时，现年48岁的澳大利亚联邦国库部长霍基表示，由于现代人的预期寿命已延长，所以他们也将工作更长的时间来储蓄养老金，而不是大家一起吃穷国家，但现在已经享受养老金待遇的老年人都不会受到任何影响。他呼吁称，澳洲应该放下旧观念，理性地考虑国家未来，效仿英国政府将该国当前30岁以下人口在未来领取养老金的年龄提高至70岁的做法，这样澳大利亚人才能让国家有足够的资金来养活不断老龄化的人口。
In Germany， the supporters consider it as a “historical” reform and breakthrough. The main basis is the changing structure of population， namely the decreased born rate and less young people； the improved sanitary conditions and the prolonged life expectancy made the elderly increase continuously. If they don’t conduct the reform， the current pension system cannot carry on. At present， the reigning CDU and experts believe rising retirement age is the only correct choice and there are no substitute plans or solutions. If they don’t rise the retirement age， the only option is to reduce pension or increasing premium drastically to keep balance between income and expenditure. Pensioners won’t agree to reduce the pension， and the workers in active service will be against the increase of premium. Therefore， the only feasible measure is to carry out this policy thoroughly.
在德国，赞成者将其视为“历史性”的改革和突破。主要依据是人口结构的变化，即出生率下降，年轻人愈来愈少；卫生条件改善，人均寿命延长，老年人口日渐增多。如不进行改革，养老保险制度难以为继。目前，执政的基民盟和专家学者认为延长退休年龄是唯一正确的选择，没有任何其他可行的替代方案或办法。如果不延长退休年龄，那就只能降低退休金或大幅度增加保费，才能保持收支的平衡。降低退休金，退休者不同意。大幅度增加保费，在岗的职工反对。因此唯一的办法只能是将这一法律贯彻到底。
Opponents
反对派
To those who oppose this policy， delayed retirement will certainly affect the rate of youth employment. Zong Qinghou， Deputy to the NPC， said， “It’s already hard enough for the annual over-seven-million graduates to find jobs， and any delay in retirement age will exacerbate this problem. Time is still not ripe to delay retirement. Our priority should be solving the structural conflicts in employment and improving the income of employees.” According to the statistics from the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of the PRC， among the newly added about 10 million jobs， one third comes from the vacancies given by the retirees. Deng Dasong， Director at the Center for Social Security Studies of Wuhan University， said， due to its insufficient supply of jobs， China does not have the conditions to delay retirement. “With its current labor force reaching over 7 00 million， China does not fall short of labor force at all comparing the absolute labor force and the possible economic condition， and this situation will not be changed radically until 2020. Considering the annual job demand for the college graduates is already about 8 million， plus the demand of peasant workers and other social group who also crave employment， the gap between the supply and demand in job market is huge. Delayed retirement will downsize the amount of jobs， stand in the way of huge number of youth into the job market， causing poisonous effect. Delayed retirement will not only hamper the youth， but also bring huge burdens to the Ministry of Human Resource and Social Security which takes charge of national employment.” 在反对者看来，延迟退休将影响青年就业形势。“每年700多万大学毕业生就业困难，如果再延长退休年限，年轻人就业就更困难了。目前还不是延迟退休的时机，首要的是解决就业的结构性矛盾，提高就业人员的收入问题。”中国人大代表宗庆后如是说。中国人社部的研究数据表明，中国每年新增的1000万左右就业岗位中，三分之一来自退休人员的更替。武汉大学社会保障研究中心主任邓大松称，以中国目前就业岗位的供给状况来看，尚不具备延迟退休条件。“中国目前有7亿多劳动力，劳动力绝对数和可能的经济状况相比，劳动力数量不缺，这一状况在2020年以前不会发生根本改变。每年大学毕业生就业需求约800万个，加上农民工、社会其他就业人群，就业岗位供给的缺口大。如果延迟退休年龄，带来就业岗位减少，将使大量青年不能进入劳动力市场，带来负面影响。延迟退休年龄，不仅是年轻人不愿接受的，主管全国就业工作的人社部也将承担巨大的压力。”
According to a survey on the retirement acceptance among Australians by the Australia Statistics Bureau， the government-supported plan of postponing retirement age to 67 may possibly be opposed by the public. Among the 2.3 million people surveyed， 17% hope that they could retire after 70， 49% hopes that they can retire between 65-69， and 25% hopes they could retire between 60 to 64.
The move to delay retirement also spurs a controversy and a debate in German society and politics. The opponents said， it’s not that seniors over 60 don’t want to work， but that the labor market does not have the environment or the conditions. Forceful advancement and implementation of this reform and law will only reduce the expenditures of pensions and push those people to the verge of hopelessness and poverty. According to the statistics of German Labor Department， in 2009， only 23.4% of the seniors between 60 to 64 can continue to work at the job that they pay legal social security fees. In other words， the danger for those seniors over 60 to lose their jobs is huge. According to the German Labor Department in October， 2007， only 35，500 seniors between 60 to 64 registered unemployment. Till October， 2010， the unemployment population of this cohort already reached 145，500， the danger of unemployment increased over fourfold. According to the Labor Association of Germany， senior between 60 to 64 are hard to join the labor market and delayed retirement is “unaccountable”. Expert estimates that， at least 1.2 million to 3 million jobs should be added to meet this demand if postponing the retirement age by 2 years.
澳大利亚联邦统计局最近一次关于澳洲人退休意向的调查结果显示，政府希望延长退休年龄至67岁的计划很可能将面临人们的反对。在接受统计的230万人中，有17%的人表示他们想在他们70岁以后退休；大约49%打算在65到69岁时退休，还有25%的人想要在60到64岁时退休。
延迟退休改革在德国社会和政坛也掀起了一场风波和辩论，反对者的观点是，不是60岁以上的老年人不愿意继续工作，是劳动市场不具备这一环境和条件。强行推进这一改革并落实这一法律，无非是减少养老保险的支出，并将这部分人推向无助和贫困的边缘。根据德国联邦劳动部的统计，2009年，60至64岁的老年人仍在能够交纳法定社会保险费用的岗位上工作的，只有23.4%。换言之，60岁以后失业的风险很大。据德国联邦劳动局统计，2007年10月，60至64岁的老年人登记失业的只有35500人。到了2010年10月，这一年龄段的失业人口已经达到145500人，失业风险增加了4倍以上。在德国工会看来，在60至64岁的老年人很难融入劳动市场的情况下，延长退休年龄是“不负责任的”。如果退休年龄再提高2岁，专家测算必须增加120万至300万的岗位，才能满足这一需求。