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“If China won’t raise the retirement age， till 2014， the young generation must use 41% income to support the elderly.” In recent days， Professor of National Development Research Institute of Peking University Zhao Yaohui’s statement touched the sensitive nerves of people and provoked heated discussions regarding “rising retirement age”， “youths’ pressure” and “employment dilemma”. When the discussion could not break the stalemate， another piece of news from Australia made the discussion turn even more white-hot： Australia will rise the retirement age to 70 years’ old by 2035. Everybody will get old someday， so the discussions is related to everybody.
“如果中国不延长退休年龄，到2015年，年轻一代必须拿出自己收入的41%用来供养老人。”日前，北京大学国家发展研究院教授赵耀辉的这一说法再次触动了公众敏感的神经。一时间，有关“延迟退休”、“青年压力”、“就业形势”等话题的讨论此起彼伏，一波高过一波。当辩论各方再次陷入胶着时，又传来了澳大利亚将在2035年把退休年龄提至70岁的消息，这无异于在这场白热化的争辩中添了一把柴。人生自古谁无老，这场争论与每个人都息息相关。
At present， population aging is concerned by all countries in the world. According to the statistics provided by United Nations Population Fund， till 2012， the population of over 60 people in the world has reached 810， ，000，000， taking up 11% of the world population； it’s estimated that this number will reach 2，030，000，000， taking up 22% of the world population. In other word， one out of every nine people in the world is 60 or over 60 years’ old. By 2050， this ratio will be one out of every five people. Apart from that， as the medical conditions improve， the life expectancy of mankind is increasing. From 2010 to 2015， the average life expectancy of developed countries is 78， and that of developing countries is 68. From 2045 to 2050， in the developed countries， the average life expectancy will be 83， and in the developing countries， this number will reach 74. With the speeding up of population aging， more and more countries will face many relate problems. Among them， one of the most controversial issues is the retirement system.
目前，老龄化问题备受世界各国的关注。据联合国人口发展基金会的统计数据显示，2012年，全世界60岁以上的人口已达到8.1亿，占全世界总人口的11%；预计到2050年，60岁以上的人口将达到20.3亿，占全世界总人口的22%。也就是说，2012年，全世界9人之中就有1人在60岁或60岁以上。到2050年，这个比例会增加至5个中有1个为60岁及以上之人。此外，随着医疗健康条件不断的改善，人类预期寿命也不断提高。2010年-2015年间，发达国家的人口平均预期寿命为78岁，发展中国家的平均预期寿命为68岁。到2045年-2050年时，在发达国家中，预计出生人口的平均预期寿命将达到83岁，在发展中国家中，这一数字将达到74岁。随着老龄化的加速，不少国家陷入了集体焦虑。其中，退休制度成为争论热点之一。
China
中国
According to the current regulations， the legal retirement age of male is 60 in China， and for female workers and female cadres it is 50 and 55 respectively； for those who provide their service underground， at high altitudes， at high temperatures， of especially heavy manual labor or in harmful jobs， the retirement age for male and female are 55 and 45 respectively； For the workers who have been confirmed to have lost totally or partially the capabilities of work due to occupational disease or job injuries， the retirement age for male and female are 55 and 45 respectively. 根据目前现行的规定，中国法定的职工退休年龄是男性年满60周岁，女性工人年满50周岁，女性干部年满55周岁；从事井下、高温、高空、特别繁重体力劳动或其他有害身体健康工作的，退休年龄为男性年满55周岁，女性年满45周岁；因病或非因工致残，由医院证明并经劳动鉴定委员会确认完全丧失劳动能力的，退休年龄为男性年满50周岁，女性年满45周岁。
In 2012， the Director of the Social Security Institute of Chinese Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security He Ping suggested that the retirement age should be raised from 2016， and the retirement age should be raised by one year in every two years. Till 2045， the retirement age for both male and female will be 65. In the second half year of 2012， Chinese Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security started the relevant research in rising retirement age. In the Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the CPC， the government clearly proposed to make a policy of gradual rising retirement age.
2012年，中国人社部社会保障研究所所长何平建议，中国从2016年起实行延长退休年龄的政策，并每两年延长1岁退休年龄。到2045年时，不论男女，其退休年龄均为65岁。2012年下半年，人社部启动了有关延迟退休年龄的系列政策的研究工作。在中共十八届三中全会上，政府明确提出要研究制定渐进式延迟退休年龄政策。
Australia
澳大利亚
The news that Australia will raise the retirement age to 70 in 2035 made the debate in China even more complicated and confusing. According to the plan of pushing forward a retirement system reform in Australia， the retirement age will be raised from 65 to 67 by 2023， and then gradually transformed to 70 by 2035. The Age reported that the statistics from Australian Federal Bureau of Statistics showed that the average of retirement age of Australian male is 59， and female is 50， which is far from the Australian government’s expectation.
对于中国而言，澳大利亚将于2035年将退休年龄提至70岁的消息让延迟退休之争变得更加扑朔迷离。根据澳大利亚进行退休制度改革的方案显示，澳退休年龄预定到2023年从65岁有可能提高到67岁，并逐步过渡到2035年70岁的退休年龄。据澳大利亚《时代报》报道，澳大利亚联邦统计局日前公布的数据显示，目前澳洲男性的平均退休年龄为59岁，女性则是50岁，这与澳洲政府所期望的2023年时67岁退休年龄相去甚远。
“Since the pension policy was adopted， although many people’s life expectancy has been prolonged， the entrance age of the right to pension has always been 65， which has never been changed since it’s set in 1908. The life expectancy back then was 55， but the life expectancy now is 85.”
“自推出养老金福利以来，尽管绝大多数人的寿命都延长了，但这一在1908年设定的65岁领取养老金的年龄一直没有改变。当时的预期寿命是55岁，而现在的预期寿命却是85岁”。
Germany
德国
In Germany， the legal retirement age was set at 65 in 1957. In the past 50 years， the time of people withdrawing their pensions has been increased 8 years in average， reaching about 18 years， which means the retired people have longer access to their pension. However， “the retirement age of 65” will be history in Germany. The German government expressed that the legal retirement age will be raised gradually since January 1， 2012. Till 2030， the retirement age will be raised to 67. Early in March， 2007， German Bundestag and the Federal Senate passed the law proposed by SPD and CDU that rise the retirement age to 67 gradually since 2012. The gradual transition refers to divide the extra 2 years into 24 months. In the “previous 12 months” stage， which starts from January 1， 2012， the work time of every year will be increased by a month on the basis of the work time of the last year. In this way， by 2024， the retirement age can be raised to 66. In the “later 12 months” stage， which starts from January 1， 2014， the work time of every year will be increased by 2 months on the basis of the last year. In this way， by 2029， the retirement age can be raised to 67. From January 1， 2030， they will stick to the retirement age of 67.
在德国，1957年时制定了法定退休年龄定为65周岁。过去50年里，德国人平均领退休金的时间推迟了8年，达到约18年，这也意味着退休者领取退休金的年限越来越长。然而，“65岁退休制”即将在德国将成为历史。德国政府表示，将从2012年1月1日起逐步延长法定退休年龄。到2030年时，把退休年龄延长到67岁。
早在2007年3月，德国联邦议院和联邦参议院就先后通过了由社民党和基民盟大联合政府提出的自2012年起将退休年龄逐步提高到67岁的法律。据悉，所谓的逐步过渡是指将延长的2年分为24个月。前12个月，即从2012年1月1日开始，每年在上一年的基础上增加1个月的工作时间，这样在2024年即可过渡到66周岁退休。后12个月，即从2024年1月1日开始，每年在上一年的基础上多工作2个月方可退休，这样到2029年就可逐步将退休年龄提高到67岁。从2030年1月1日起，即可执行67岁退休的制度。
According to the statistics of OCED， in the middle of this century， the UK will become one of the countries with the highest retirement age； by 2050， the retirement of US will reach 67； in the meantime， the retirement age of Japan and Mexico will get to 65； and the normal retirement age of Italy and Denmark will reach 69.
根据经合组织的统计，在本世纪中叶，英国将成为退休年龄最高的国家之一；截至2050年，美国退休年龄将达到67岁；届时，日本与墨西哥两个国家的退休年龄为65岁；意大利与丹麦的正常退休年龄也将为69岁。
“如果中国不延长退休年龄，到2015年，年轻一代必须拿出自己收入的41%用来供养老人。”日前，北京大学国家发展研究院教授赵耀辉的这一说法再次触动了公众敏感的神经。一时间，有关“延迟退休”、“青年压力”、“就业形势”等话题的讨论此起彼伏，一波高过一波。当辩论各方再次陷入胶着时，又传来了澳大利亚将在2035年把退休年龄提至70岁的消息，这无异于在这场白热化的争辩中添了一把柴。人生自古谁无老，这场争论与每个人都息息相关。
At present， population aging is concerned by all countries in the world. According to the statistics provided by United Nations Population Fund， till 2012， the population of over 60 people in the world has reached 810， ，000，000， taking up 11% of the world population； it’s estimated that this number will reach 2，030，000，000， taking up 22% of the world population. In other word， one out of every nine people in the world is 60 or over 60 years’ old. By 2050， this ratio will be one out of every five people. Apart from that， as the medical conditions improve， the life expectancy of mankind is increasing. From 2010 to 2015， the average life expectancy of developed countries is 78， and that of developing countries is 68. From 2045 to 2050， in the developed countries， the average life expectancy will be 83， and in the developing countries， this number will reach 74. With the speeding up of population aging， more and more countries will face many relate problems. Among them， one of the most controversial issues is the retirement system.
目前，老龄化问题备受世界各国的关注。据联合国人口发展基金会的统计数据显示，2012年，全世界60岁以上的人口已达到8.1亿，占全世界总人口的11%；预计到2050年，60岁以上的人口将达到20.3亿，占全世界总人口的22%。也就是说，2012年，全世界9人之中就有1人在60岁或60岁以上。到2050年，这个比例会增加至5个中有1个为60岁及以上之人。此外，随着医疗健康条件不断的改善，人类预期寿命也不断提高。2010年-2015年间，发达国家的人口平均预期寿命为78岁，发展中国家的平均预期寿命为68岁。到2045年-2050年时，在发达国家中，预计出生人口的平均预期寿命将达到83岁，在发展中国家中，这一数字将达到74岁。随着老龄化的加速，不少国家陷入了集体焦虑。其中，退休制度成为争论热点之一。
China
中国
According to the current regulations， the legal retirement age of male is 60 in China， and for female workers and female cadres it is 50 and 55 respectively； for those who provide their service underground， at high altitudes， at high temperatures， of especially heavy manual labor or in harmful jobs， the retirement age for male and female are 55 and 45 respectively； For the workers who have been confirmed to have lost totally or partially the capabilities of work due to occupational disease or job injuries， the retirement age for male and female are 55 and 45 respectively. 根据目前现行的规定，中国法定的职工退休年龄是男性年满60周岁，女性工人年满50周岁，女性干部年满55周岁；从事井下、高温、高空、特别繁重体力劳动或其他有害身体健康工作的，退休年龄为男性年满55周岁，女性年满45周岁；因病或非因工致残，由医院证明并经劳动鉴定委员会确认完全丧失劳动能力的，退休年龄为男性年满50周岁，女性年满45周岁。
In 2012， the Director of the Social Security Institute of Chinese Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security He Ping suggested that the retirement age should be raised from 2016， and the retirement age should be raised by one year in every two years. Till 2045， the retirement age for both male and female will be 65. In the second half year of 2012， Chinese Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security started the relevant research in rising retirement age. In the Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the CPC， the government clearly proposed to make a policy of gradual rising retirement age.
2012年，中国人社部社会保障研究所所长何平建议，中国从2016年起实行延长退休年龄的政策，并每两年延长1岁退休年龄。到2045年时，不论男女，其退休年龄均为65岁。2012年下半年，人社部启动了有关延迟退休年龄的系列政策的研究工作。在中共十八届三中全会上，政府明确提出要研究制定渐进式延迟退休年龄政策。
Australia
澳大利亚
The news that Australia will raise the retirement age to 70 in 2035 made the debate in China even more complicated and confusing. According to the plan of pushing forward a retirement system reform in Australia， the retirement age will be raised from 65 to 67 by 2023， and then gradually transformed to 70 by 2035. The Age reported that the statistics from Australian Federal Bureau of Statistics showed that the average of retirement age of Australian male is 59， and female is 50， which is far from the Australian government’s expectation.
对于中国而言，澳大利亚将于2035年将退休年龄提至70岁的消息让延迟退休之争变得更加扑朔迷离。根据澳大利亚进行退休制度改革的方案显示，澳退休年龄预定到2023年从65岁有可能提高到67岁，并逐步过渡到2035年70岁的退休年龄。据澳大利亚《时代报》报道，澳大利亚联邦统计局日前公布的数据显示，目前澳洲男性的平均退休年龄为59岁，女性则是50岁，这与澳洲政府所期望的2023年时67岁退休年龄相去甚远。
“Since the pension policy was adopted， although many people’s life expectancy has been prolonged， the entrance age of the right to pension has always been 65， which has never been changed since it’s set in 1908. The life expectancy back then was 55， but the life expectancy now is 85.”
“自推出养老金福利以来，尽管绝大多数人的寿命都延长了，但这一在1908年设定的65岁领取养老金的年龄一直没有改变。当时的预期寿命是55岁，而现在的预期寿命却是85岁”。
Germany
德国
In Germany， the legal retirement age was set at 65 in 1957. In the past 50 years， the time of people withdrawing their pensions has been increased 8 years in average， reaching about 18 years， which means the retired people have longer access to their pension. However， “the retirement age of 65” will be history in Germany. The German government expressed that the legal retirement age will be raised gradually since January 1， 2012. Till 2030， the retirement age will be raised to 67. Early in March， 2007， German Bundestag and the Federal Senate passed the law proposed by SPD and CDU that rise the retirement age to 67 gradually since 2012. The gradual transition refers to divide the extra 2 years into 24 months. In the “previous 12 months” stage， which starts from January 1， 2012， the work time of every year will be increased by a month on the basis of the work time of the last year. In this way， by 2024， the retirement age can be raised to 66. In the “later 12 months” stage， which starts from January 1， 2014， the work time of every year will be increased by 2 months on the basis of the last year. In this way， by 2029， the retirement age can be raised to 67. From January 1， 2030， they will stick to the retirement age of 67.
在德国，1957年时制定了法定退休年龄定为65周岁。过去50年里，德国人平均领退休金的时间推迟了8年，达到约18年，这也意味着退休者领取退休金的年限越来越长。然而，“65岁退休制”即将在德国将成为历史。德国政府表示，将从2012年1月1日起逐步延长法定退休年龄。到2030年时，把退休年龄延长到67岁。
早在2007年3月，德国联邦议院和联邦参议院就先后通过了由社民党和基民盟大联合政府提出的自2012年起将退休年龄逐步提高到67岁的法律。据悉，所谓的逐步过渡是指将延长的2年分为24个月。前12个月，即从2012年1月1日开始，每年在上一年的基础上增加1个月的工作时间，这样在2024年即可过渡到66周岁退休。后12个月，即从2024年1月1日开始，每年在上一年的基础上多工作2个月方可退休，这样到2029年就可逐步将退休年龄提高到67岁。从2030年1月1日起，即可执行67岁退休的制度。
According to the statistics of OCED， in the middle of this century， the UK will become one of the countries with the highest retirement age； by 2050， the retirement of US will reach 67； in the meantime， the retirement age of Japan and Mexico will get to 65； and the normal retirement age of Italy and Denmark will reach 69.
根据经合组织的统计，在本世纪中叶，英国将成为退休年龄最高的国家之一；截至2050年，美国退休年龄将达到67岁；届时，日本与墨西哥两个国家的退休年龄为65岁；意大利与丹麦的正常退休年龄也将为69岁。