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The role of female gradually changed from the egalitarian to the oppressed in society， mostly a result of economic development. In a primitive hunting-gathering economy， significant power was in the hand of women as they had vital economic functions such as the gathers， crafters and distributors of materials. However， following the development of agriculture and domestication of animals， men had slowly become the dominant sex in the society.
女性的角色逐渐从平均主义的受益者转变为社会中被压迫的群体，这主要是经济发展的结果。在原始的狩猎采集经济中，一些重要的权力都掌握在女性手中，因为她们有重要的经济功能，如收集、加工和分配物资等。然而，随着农业和家畜蓄养的发展，男人慢慢成为社会中的主导性别。
Beginning of Male Dominance
男性主导的开始
Simply， it is because of human for the first time in history that people could plant and breed food as a result of which people stayed in one place for an extensive period of time. When people moved toward domesticating animals and using them to do work， males tended to dominate more of the workforce， since men， from a biological perspective， are physically stronger and much suitable for manual work like controlling animals. This encouraged a gendered specialization of labor that gives males command over assets. From this time onward， males have become the main breadwinner and dominated in the economic activities， which reproduces the male domination and subordination of women in family and society. Under this circumstance， males also dominated in public political affairs throughout history. Friedrich Engels called this change as ?the world historic defeat of the female sex.”
The male domination is derived from not only the production mode but also the philosophical and religious traditions. For example， according to the Confucianism， a vital philosophical idea in East Asia， women without talent are good， should stay at home to support the family and must do as men say. Such concepts assert male dominance and female inferiority in East Asian societies for thousand years. In the Western world， Aristotle once declared that "the female is female by virtue of a certain lack of qualities"； St. Thomas Aquinas said that woman is an 'imperfect man'； and Christianity has been accused by many feminists for reinforcing the gender inequality. Biblical texts like Corinthians 11：3 “the head of the woman is man， and the head of Christ is God” and Ephesians 5：23-24 “For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church， his body， of which he is the Savior. Now as the church submits to Christ， so also wives should submit to their husbands in everything” promoted male superiority. 简单地说，这是由于人们在历史上第一次选择在一个地方停留较长时间，因此他们可以自己种植粮食并育种。当人们开始养殖家畜并利用家畜劳作时，男人便开始趋于占据主导地位，因为男人掌握着更多劳动力。从生物学的角度看，他们更加强壮，更适合如控制动物等体力劳动。这鼓励了劳动中的性别分工，使男性拥有了对财产的掌控权。从那时开始，男性就担负起养家糊口的重任并主导了社会经济活动，从而产生了女性在家庭和社会中附属于男性的现象。在这种情况下，男性也控制了整个历史过程中的政治事件。恩格斯把这种变化称为“全世界女性历史性的失败”。
男性主导地位的产生也并非只因为生产模式的改变，在哲学和宗教传统上都可以找到其动因。例如，儒学作为东亚地区的一个重要的哲学思想，认为女子无才便是德。女性应该留在家中相夫教子，顺从丈夫的意愿。数千年来，这些概念为男性在社会中占支配地位和女性的自卑奠定基础。在西方世界，亚里士多德认为“女性之所以为女性是因为其缺乏某些素养”；托马斯·阿奎纳曾说过“女性是不完美的人类”；许多女权主义者一直指责基督教强化了性别不平等。圣经中，哥林多前书11章3节说“女人的头是男人，基督的头是上帝”；以弗所书5章23-24节也推崇了男性至上的观点，“因为丈夫是妻子的头，如同基督是教会的头，因此他是救世主。现在教会这样顺服基督，所以妻子也应一切顺从自己的丈夫。”
As regards male domination， evidences could be found in all aspects of life all over the world. In modern democracy， male citizens obtained the right to vote in advance of their female counterparts. Historically， in most cultures， married women had very few rights. For instance， they could not own， inherit or manage their personal properties； represent themselves legally and need her husband's consent for almost all economic activities including employment and even traveling away from home.
男性占主导地位的例子在世界各地的各个方面都可以找到。在现代民主中，男性公民拥有优先于女性的选举权。从历史角度来说，在大部分文化中，已婚女性享有的权利非常少。比如，她们不能拥有、继承或管理她们的私人财产，或合法的代表自己；几乎所有的经济活动，包括就业，甚至离家旅行都需要其丈夫的同意。
The Rise of Women and "the End of Men"
女性的崛起和“男性的终结”
But that started to change in the 18th century. The rights of women along with other political rights movements like the abortion of slavery， demanding religious freedom began to become the central of political debate in the western world， particularly in the UK and France， in the 18th century. But the women rights movement developed slowly.
During the 19th century， some women began to agitate for the right to vote and against the de jure obstacles to gender equality.
Women’s right to property， education， and vote were gradually recognized in the world. For instance， the first co-educational university was established in Ohio， the US. The US Congress and the British Parliament passed the Married Women's Property Acts， which is aimed to protect women's property from their husbands in the late 19th century. In 1893 New Zealand became the first country to give women the right to vote on a national level. Women in the UK and the US were granted the right to vote in 1918 and 1920 respectively. The wave of movement has been considered as the first wave of feminism.
但从18世纪开始，这些现象开始发生改变。女性权利运动和其他如废奴、要求宗教自由等政治权利运动开始成为西方世界政治辩论的焦点，特别是在英国和法国。但是女性权利运动发展较为缓慢。 在19世纪，一些女性开始鼓动女性享有选举权，并反对阻碍性别平等的法律障碍。
女性拥有财产、享受教育和参加选举的权利逐渐得到世界的认同。具体来说，首先，第一所男女同校的大学，成立于美国俄亥俄州。美国国会和英国议会审批通过已婚妇女财产法案，其目的是保护妇女的财产权免受其丈夫的侵犯。在1893年，新西兰成为给予妇女全国性投票权的第一个国家。在英国和美国，妇女分别于1918年和1920年获得选举权。这被视为是第一波女权主义运动浪潮。
The feminist movement rose again in the early 1960s. This second wave of movement fought for wider range of issues like sexuality， family， the workplace inequality， reproductive rights， de facto inequalities， and official legal inequalities. It began in the US and then later spread to Europe and part of Asia in the 80’s. In 1963， the report produced by the US Presidential Commission on the Status of Women found discrimination against women in every aspect of life and gave specific recommendations to achieve gender equality； and Civil Rights Act of 1964， which barred employment discrimination on account of sex and race in the U.S.， became law. In Britain， abortion was made legal under certain criteria and with medical supervision in 1967； the Equal Pay Act 1970 was approved and aimed to end pay discrimination between men and women； and Margaret Thatcher became the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 1979. In Asia， the Japanese Equal Employment Opportunity Law which prohibits gender discrimination with respect to recruitment， hiring， promotion， training， and job assignment was passed in 1985.
女权主义运动于20世纪60年代再次兴起。运动的第二波浪潮强调在更广泛的问题上为女性争取权利，如性行为，家庭、工作场所的不平等，生育权，事实上的不平等和官方法律上的不平等。它起源于美国，后于80年代蔓延到欧洲和亚洲的部分地区。1963年，美国总统委员会发布的《女性地位报告》指出妇女在生活的各个方面到遭受歧视，并给出了一些实现两性平等的具体建议。1964年的民权法案明确禁止美国境内基于性别和种族的就业歧视，成为两性平等的法律依据。1967年，英国出台法律规定，堕胎只有在符合法律规定并有医生监管的情况下才属于合法行为；《同工同酬法》于1970年被批准，旨在结束男女之间的薪酬歧视；撒切尔夫人于1979年成为英国首位女总理。在亚洲，《日本平等就业机会法》禁止企业在招聘、雇用、晋升、培训和工作任务中存在性别歧视，该法案于1985年通过。
In the 1990’s， the third wave of feminism began. In 1991， Rebecca Walker’s “Becoming the Third Wave” was published in Ms.， addressing the oppression of the female voice and introducing the concept of Third Wave Feminism. Gender violence and reproductive rights such as access to contraception and abortion are central issues for third-wave feminists. Workplace issues like the glass ceiling， sexual harassment， maternity leave policies， child care， respect for working mothers and mothers who decide to leave their careers to raise their children full-time are also concerned in the third wave.
Along with feminist movements， the rapid economic development also empowers women in all aspects of society. In modern economy， automation has become a key method in production； manufacturing jobs are disappearing quickly particularly in developed countries； and physical strength is no longer a primary source of income. This new economy is apparently more in favor of creativity， intelligence， communication skills， the ability to sit still and focus than physical strength and stamina. Hence， more job opportunities are open to women. 在20世纪90年代，第三波女权主义运动浪潮开始。1991年，丽贝卡·沃克的《成为第三次浪潮》刊登于《女士》杂志，指出女性的声音正遭受压迫，并引入了第三波女权主义运动浪潮的理念。性别暴力和生殖权利的问题，如获得避孕和堕胎的途径是第三波女权主浪潮的中心。职场中的问题，如办公场所的玻璃天花板、性骚扰、产假政策、照顾孩子、尊重在职母亲和那些决定结束职业生涯的全职母亲，在第三次浪潮中都有所涉及。
随着女权运动的兴起，经济的飞速发展也从社会的各个层面赋予女性更多的权利。在现代经济中，自动化已成为一个关键的生产方式；制造业中的工作岗位迅速消失，特别是在发达国家，体力已不再是收入的主要来源。这种新的经济显然更需要创造力，智力，沟通技巧，耐心和专注，而非体力和耐力。因此，更多的就业机会向妇女开放。
As Hanna Rosin， the author of “The End of men” pointed out that “for the first time in history， the global economy is becoming a place where women are finding more success than men.” Women can enter the job market on more equal terms， like paid， work conditions and treatments， with men. The trend of male dominance has begun to reverse and men are gradually losing their grip. In Hanna Rosin’s words， it is “the end of 200，000 years of human history and the beginning of a new era.” Along with this line of logic， Women around the world will increasingly dominant in work， education， households； even in love and marriage.
The rise of feminism together with the rapid changing in production method is eroding the historical dominance of males. Men status is descending from haven to earth.
正如汉娜·罗森在《男性的终结》一书中所指出的，“历史上第一次，全球经济正在转变为一个女人比男人更成功的领域。”女性可以以更平等的条件进入就业市场，享受与男性平等的报酬、工作条件和待遇。男性主导的趋势已经开始扭转，男人正逐渐失去控制力。汉娜·罗森说：“这是20万年人类历史的结束和一个新时代的开始。”依照这个逻辑，世界各地的女性将越来越多地在工作、教育、家庭，甚至是爱情和婚姻中占主导地位。
女权运动的兴起与快速变化的生产方式正在侵蚀着男性的历史主导地位。男人的社会地位正经历着转变。
女性的角色逐渐从平均主义的受益者转变为社会中被压迫的群体，这主要是经济发展的结果。在原始的狩猎采集经济中，一些重要的权力都掌握在女性手中，因为她们有重要的经济功能，如收集、加工和分配物资等。然而，随着农业和家畜蓄养的发展，男人慢慢成为社会中的主导性别。
Beginning of Male Dominance
男性主导的开始
Simply， it is because of human for the first time in history that people could plant and breed food as a result of which people stayed in one place for an extensive period of time. When people moved toward domesticating animals and using them to do work， males tended to dominate more of the workforce， since men， from a biological perspective， are physically stronger and much suitable for manual work like controlling animals. This encouraged a gendered specialization of labor that gives males command over assets. From this time onward， males have become the main breadwinner and dominated in the economic activities， which reproduces the male domination and subordination of women in family and society. Under this circumstance， males also dominated in public political affairs throughout history. Friedrich Engels called this change as ?the world historic defeat of the female sex.”
The male domination is derived from not only the production mode but also the philosophical and religious traditions. For example， according to the Confucianism， a vital philosophical idea in East Asia， women without talent are good， should stay at home to support the family and must do as men say. Such concepts assert male dominance and female inferiority in East Asian societies for thousand years. In the Western world， Aristotle once declared that "the female is female by virtue of a certain lack of qualities"； St. Thomas Aquinas said that woman is an 'imperfect man'； and Christianity has been accused by many feminists for reinforcing the gender inequality. Biblical texts like Corinthians 11：3 “the head of the woman is man， and the head of Christ is God” and Ephesians 5：23-24 “For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church， his body， of which he is the Savior. Now as the church submits to Christ， so also wives should submit to their husbands in everything” promoted male superiority. 简单地说，这是由于人们在历史上第一次选择在一个地方停留较长时间，因此他们可以自己种植粮食并育种。当人们开始养殖家畜并利用家畜劳作时，男人便开始趋于占据主导地位，因为男人掌握着更多劳动力。从生物学的角度看，他们更加强壮，更适合如控制动物等体力劳动。这鼓励了劳动中的性别分工，使男性拥有了对财产的掌控权。从那时开始，男性就担负起养家糊口的重任并主导了社会经济活动，从而产生了女性在家庭和社会中附属于男性的现象。在这种情况下，男性也控制了整个历史过程中的政治事件。恩格斯把这种变化称为“全世界女性历史性的失败”。
男性主导地位的产生也并非只因为生产模式的改变，在哲学和宗教传统上都可以找到其动因。例如，儒学作为东亚地区的一个重要的哲学思想，认为女子无才便是德。女性应该留在家中相夫教子，顺从丈夫的意愿。数千年来，这些概念为男性在社会中占支配地位和女性的自卑奠定基础。在西方世界，亚里士多德认为“女性之所以为女性是因为其缺乏某些素养”；托马斯·阿奎纳曾说过“女性是不完美的人类”；许多女权主义者一直指责基督教强化了性别不平等。圣经中，哥林多前书11章3节说“女人的头是男人，基督的头是上帝”；以弗所书5章23-24节也推崇了男性至上的观点，“因为丈夫是妻子的头，如同基督是教会的头，因此他是救世主。现在教会这样顺服基督，所以妻子也应一切顺从自己的丈夫。”
As regards male domination， evidences could be found in all aspects of life all over the world. In modern democracy， male citizens obtained the right to vote in advance of their female counterparts. Historically， in most cultures， married women had very few rights. For instance， they could not own， inherit or manage their personal properties； represent themselves legally and need her husband's consent for almost all economic activities including employment and even traveling away from home.
男性占主导地位的例子在世界各地的各个方面都可以找到。在现代民主中，男性公民拥有优先于女性的选举权。从历史角度来说，在大部分文化中，已婚女性享有的权利非常少。比如，她们不能拥有、继承或管理她们的私人财产，或合法的代表自己；几乎所有的经济活动，包括就业，甚至离家旅行都需要其丈夫的同意。
The Rise of Women and "the End of Men"
女性的崛起和“男性的终结”
But that started to change in the 18th century. The rights of women along with other political rights movements like the abortion of slavery， demanding religious freedom began to become the central of political debate in the western world， particularly in the UK and France， in the 18th century. But the women rights movement developed slowly.
During the 19th century， some women began to agitate for the right to vote and against the de jure obstacles to gender equality.
Women’s right to property， education， and vote were gradually recognized in the world. For instance， the first co-educational university was established in Ohio， the US. The US Congress and the British Parliament passed the Married Women's Property Acts， which is aimed to protect women's property from their husbands in the late 19th century. In 1893 New Zealand became the first country to give women the right to vote on a national level. Women in the UK and the US were granted the right to vote in 1918 and 1920 respectively. The wave of movement has been considered as the first wave of feminism.
但从18世纪开始，这些现象开始发生改变。女性权利运动和其他如废奴、要求宗教自由等政治权利运动开始成为西方世界政治辩论的焦点，特别是在英国和法国。但是女性权利运动发展较为缓慢。 在19世纪，一些女性开始鼓动女性享有选举权，并反对阻碍性别平等的法律障碍。
女性拥有财产、享受教育和参加选举的权利逐渐得到世界的认同。具体来说，首先，第一所男女同校的大学，成立于美国俄亥俄州。美国国会和英国议会审批通过已婚妇女财产法案，其目的是保护妇女的财产权免受其丈夫的侵犯。在1893年，新西兰成为给予妇女全国性投票权的第一个国家。在英国和美国，妇女分别于1918年和1920年获得选举权。这被视为是第一波女权主义运动浪潮。
The feminist movement rose again in the early 1960s. This second wave of movement fought for wider range of issues like sexuality， family， the workplace inequality， reproductive rights， de facto inequalities， and official legal inequalities. It began in the US and then later spread to Europe and part of Asia in the 80’s. In 1963， the report produced by the US Presidential Commission on the Status of Women found discrimination against women in every aspect of life and gave specific recommendations to achieve gender equality； and Civil Rights Act of 1964， which barred employment discrimination on account of sex and race in the U.S.， became law. In Britain， abortion was made legal under certain criteria and with medical supervision in 1967； the Equal Pay Act 1970 was approved and aimed to end pay discrimination between men and women； and Margaret Thatcher became the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 1979. In Asia， the Japanese Equal Employment Opportunity Law which prohibits gender discrimination with respect to recruitment， hiring， promotion， training， and job assignment was passed in 1985.
女权主义运动于20世纪60年代再次兴起。运动的第二波浪潮强调在更广泛的问题上为女性争取权利，如性行为，家庭、工作场所的不平等，生育权，事实上的不平等和官方法律上的不平等。它起源于美国，后于80年代蔓延到欧洲和亚洲的部分地区。1963年，美国总统委员会发布的《女性地位报告》指出妇女在生活的各个方面到遭受歧视，并给出了一些实现两性平等的具体建议。1964年的民权法案明确禁止美国境内基于性别和种族的就业歧视，成为两性平等的法律依据。1967年，英国出台法律规定，堕胎只有在符合法律规定并有医生监管的情况下才属于合法行为；《同工同酬法》于1970年被批准，旨在结束男女之间的薪酬歧视；撒切尔夫人于1979年成为英国首位女总理。在亚洲，《日本平等就业机会法》禁止企业在招聘、雇用、晋升、培训和工作任务中存在性别歧视，该法案于1985年通过。
In the 1990’s， the third wave of feminism began. In 1991， Rebecca Walker’s “Becoming the Third Wave” was published in Ms.， addressing the oppression of the female voice and introducing the concept of Third Wave Feminism. Gender violence and reproductive rights such as access to contraception and abortion are central issues for third-wave feminists. Workplace issues like the glass ceiling， sexual harassment， maternity leave policies， child care， respect for working mothers and mothers who decide to leave their careers to raise their children full-time are also concerned in the third wave.
Along with feminist movements， the rapid economic development also empowers women in all aspects of society. In modern economy， automation has become a key method in production； manufacturing jobs are disappearing quickly particularly in developed countries； and physical strength is no longer a primary source of income. This new economy is apparently more in favor of creativity， intelligence， communication skills， the ability to sit still and focus than physical strength and stamina. Hence， more job opportunities are open to women. 在20世纪90年代，第三波女权主义运动浪潮开始。1991年，丽贝卡·沃克的《成为第三次浪潮》刊登于《女士》杂志，指出女性的声音正遭受压迫，并引入了第三波女权主义运动浪潮的理念。性别暴力和生殖权利的问题，如获得避孕和堕胎的途径是第三波女权主浪潮的中心。职场中的问题，如办公场所的玻璃天花板、性骚扰、产假政策、照顾孩子、尊重在职母亲和那些决定结束职业生涯的全职母亲，在第三次浪潮中都有所涉及。
随着女权运动的兴起，经济的飞速发展也从社会的各个层面赋予女性更多的权利。在现代经济中，自动化已成为一个关键的生产方式；制造业中的工作岗位迅速消失，特别是在发达国家，体力已不再是收入的主要来源。这种新的经济显然更需要创造力，智力，沟通技巧，耐心和专注，而非体力和耐力。因此，更多的就业机会向妇女开放。
As Hanna Rosin， the author of “The End of men” pointed out that “for the first time in history， the global economy is becoming a place where women are finding more success than men.” Women can enter the job market on more equal terms， like paid， work conditions and treatments， with men. The trend of male dominance has begun to reverse and men are gradually losing their grip. In Hanna Rosin’s words， it is “the end of 200，000 years of human history and the beginning of a new era.” Along with this line of logic， Women around the world will increasingly dominant in work， education， households； even in love and marriage.
The rise of feminism together with the rapid changing in production method is eroding the historical dominance of males. Men status is descending from haven to earth.
正如汉娜·罗森在《男性的终结》一书中所指出的，“历史上第一次，全球经济正在转变为一个女人比男人更成功的领域。”女性可以以更平等的条件进入就业市场，享受与男性平等的报酬、工作条件和待遇。男性主导的趋势已经开始扭转，男人正逐渐失去控制力。汉娜·罗森说：“这是20万年人类历史的结束和一个新时代的开始。”依照这个逻辑，世界各地的女性将越来越多地在工作、教育、家庭，甚至是爱情和婚姻中占主导地位。
女权运动的兴起与快速变化的生产方式正在侵蚀着男性的历史主导地位。男人的社会地位正经历着转变。