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Autonomous Learning in English Teaching
There has been an increase in the number of language teaching methods that are used around the world during the twenty-first centry . As a result of these different approaches .Methods have different ideas of what languages should be taught . The trend at present is :
1. Towards a view of language that acknowledges the need to know language structure and vocabulary , but only in order to use such linguistic knowledge to express meanings , to do things , to interact with other people .
2. Towards a view of learning that regards learners as individuals with different personalities and differert reasons and motivations for learning the language . As a result , different learners are likely to go through more or less different mental processes when learning the language
3. Learners learn to use the language more efficiently and easily with lots of drilling and repetition , or it is more helpful if they are given plenty of opportunity to communicate freely withthe language in the classroom .
4. Learners should be expossed to only a single model of the language , through the teacher, or whether they benefit from being expossed to as many different models as possible
5. Learning takes place more efficiently when the teacher-student relationship is formal and conventional of when the relationship is relaxed and non-hierarchical .
as English teachers , we should know something about autonomous learning and improve students’ ability of autonomous learning .
1. Connotation of autonomous learning
Autonomous learning has two impotant characters . One is active study .This is the basic quality of autonomous learning . It shows : I want to learn . The other is independent study .This is the most imortant quality of autonomous learning . It shows : I want to learn
2. Characters of autonomous learning
We can describe simple these characters as : I am willing to learn ; I am able to learn ; I am good at learning and I can learn all by myself .
3. Forms of autonomous learning
There are two forms of autonomous learning : 1) Autonomous learning within class ( silent autonomous learning and loud autonomous learning ) ; 2) Autonomous learning outside class ( home work , reference books , pre-reading ).
4. How to improve students’ability of autonomous learning .
There are two strategies which can improve students’ English ability of autonomous learning .
Cognitive strategies
1) Repetition ( Students imitate English pronunciation and intonation .)
2) Resourcing ( Students know how to use dictionaries and infromation , slove some questions that they meet . )
3) Note-taking ( Students write or remember some important informationthey heard. )
4) Deduction ( Students use English as soon as possible .)
5) Comtextualization ( Students understand the words or sentences in a specific circumstance .)
6) Transfer (Students use some Chinese methods to learn English .)
7). Inferencing ( Students understand new words or sentences with context.)
8) Questions for clarification (With the teachers’ help students must learn how to ask questions and slove questions .)
Metacognitive strategies
1) Selective attention ( Students should pay attention to some particular information , such as key words , standpoint . Then get some useful information .)
2) Self-monitoring ( Students know active progress such as information export (listening and reading ) information import ( speaking and writing .))
3) Self-assessment ( Students finish an activity , they should know what he/she gets .)
4. Develop students’ interest of autonomous learning
Interest is the best teacher , we should use different ways to develop students’ interest . For example :
4.1 From simple to complexity
To different students we may ask different questions .In junior middle school , students have learned all kinds of questions , which include yes-no question , true-or-false question , alternative question , disjunctive question , and wh-questions .Firstly ,we ask students some yes-no questions, true-or-false questions , thenalternative question, disjunctive question . When students have a general idea of the materials , we can begin to ask wh-questions for the detalis of the materials . The whole journey from conceptual questions alongside to the summary questions is a process which students use their known to assimilate their unknown and produce something new . It is well worth saying that this is something manifests their different levels of comprehensible abilities.
4.2 Listening and reporting
As a junior teacher , I find a strange thing in my teaching : at the beginning , all students like to listen and speak , however , as time goes on , no one likes to listen and speak because they do not have enough word power and related skills to speak well . Remember what we need is not their speaking well ; we need them to be bold and speaking out .when students speak loudly , my answers for students are the differences : “ Good ”, “Ok”, “ wounderful”, “ excellent”or “ that sounds very good ”. In my class , I give three minutes to each student and insist on doing so for a long time ,and I can see their achievements. What accompanies the listening is the reporting . One is doing reporting while the other is doing listening , after the reporting ends , I always ask one or two students to report what he or she has heard .The content of the reporting may be the lesson they have learned ; the short story composed by themselves and new reports etc.
4.3 Use all kinds of useful information that students collect
Teach students to use modern equipments and get useful information . In this way , students can improve their study result . First , students use their books , such as vocabulary , notes , grammatical chart . Then teachers tell them how to seach information on the intent and in the library . I realize , students must know how to find out what knowledge they want , and how to use these knowledge , then reach a new heigh . This is really called I can learn .
4.4 Students prepare and plan some date
In traditional English teaching , teachers always prepare some data for class , students can understand the lesson easily . This task is usually given to students , students can collect some data to the teachers. These data are : listening tests , a short story , ask and answer the questions , pictures and some real things . Students are interested in these data and know well . So in my teaching , they are happy to take part in this part . Especially I adopt their data , they all think they can learn English . It will be affect their study for a long time .
4.5 Help students learn self-evaluation
Self-evaluation is an important part in autonomous learning , an important study strategy , and it shows students’ ability of autonomous learning . If we want to develop students’ ability of autonomous learning, we should teach students to learn self-evaluation . We can let students write dairies , self-report or questionnaires and interviews .
Self-evaluation is not only respect for students , but also encourage students to become an autonomous learner , teacher knows progress of students and students know what they should do .
In English teaching , autonomous learning is not a new way , develop students’ ability of autonomous learning is a tough progress , we still have a long way to go .
（作者联通： 678700云南省陇川县景罕中学）
There has been an increase in the number of language teaching methods that are used around the world during the twenty-first centry . As a result of these different approaches .Methods have different ideas of what languages should be taught . The trend at present is :
1. Towards a view of language that acknowledges the need to know language structure and vocabulary , but only in order to use such linguistic knowledge to express meanings , to do things , to interact with other people .
2. Towards a view of learning that regards learners as individuals with different personalities and differert reasons and motivations for learning the language . As a result , different learners are likely to go through more or less different mental processes when learning the language
3. Learners learn to use the language more efficiently and easily with lots of drilling and repetition , or it is more helpful if they are given plenty of opportunity to communicate freely withthe language in the classroom .
4. Learners should be expossed to only a single model of the language , through the teacher, or whether they benefit from being expossed to as many different models as possible
5. Learning takes place more efficiently when the teacher-student relationship is formal and conventional of when the relationship is relaxed and non-hierarchical .
as English teachers , we should know something about autonomous learning and improve students’ ability of autonomous learning .
1. Connotation of autonomous learning
Autonomous learning has two impotant characters . One is active study .This is the basic quality of autonomous learning . It shows : I want to learn . The other is independent study .This is the most imortant quality of autonomous learning . It shows : I want to learn
2. Characters of autonomous learning
We can describe simple these characters as : I am willing to learn ; I am able to learn ; I am good at learning and I can learn all by myself .
3. Forms of autonomous learning
There are two forms of autonomous learning : 1) Autonomous learning within class ( silent autonomous learning and loud autonomous learning ) ; 2) Autonomous learning outside class ( home work , reference books , pre-reading ).
4. How to improve students’ability of autonomous learning .
There are two strategies which can improve students’ English ability of autonomous learning .
Cognitive strategies
1) Repetition ( Students imitate English pronunciation and intonation .)
2) Resourcing ( Students know how to use dictionaries and infromation , slove some questions that they meet . )
3) Note-taking ( Students write or remember some important informationthey heard. )
4) Deduction ( Students use English as soon as possible .)
5) Comtextualization ( Students understand the words or sentences in a specific circumstance .)
6) Transfer (Students use some Chinese methods to learn English .)
7). Inferencing ( Students understand new words or sentences with context.)
8) Questions for clarification (With the teachers’ help students must learn how to ask questions and slove questions .)
Metacognitive strategies
1) Selective attention ( Students should pay attention to some particular information , such as key words , standpoint . Then get some useful information .)
2) Self-monitoring ( Students know active progress such as information export (listening and reading ) information import ( speaking and writing .))
3) Self-assessment ( Students finish an activity , they should know what he/she gets .)
4. Develop students’ interest of autonomous learning
Interest is the best teacher , we should use different ways to develop students’ interest . For example :
4.1 From simple to complexity
To different students we may ask different questions .In junior middle school , students have learned all kinds of questions , which include yes-no question , true-or-false question , alternative question , disjunctive question , and wh-questions .Firstly ,we ask students some yes-no questions, true-or-false questions , thenalternative question, disjunctive question . When students have a general idea of the materials , we can begin to ask wh-questions for the detalis of the materials . The whole journey from conceptual questions alongside to the summary questions is a process which students use their known to assimilate their unknown and produce something new . It is well worth saying that this is something manifests their different levels of comprehensible abilities.
4.2 Listening and reporting
As a junior teacher , I find a strange thing in my teaching : at the beginning , all students like to listen and speak , however , as time goes on , no one likes to listen and speak because they do not have enough word power and related skills to speak well . Remember what we need is not their speaking well ; we need them to be bold and speaking out .when students speak loudly , my answers for students are the differences : “ Good ”, “Ok”, “ wounderful”, “ excellent”or “ that sounds very good ”. In my class , I give three minutes to each student and insist on doing so for a long time ,and I can see their achievements. What accompanies the listening is the reporting . One is doing reporting while the other is doing listening , after the reporting ends , I always ask one or two students to report what he or she has heard .The content of the reporting may be the lesson they have learned ; the short story composed by themselves and new reports etc.
4.3 Use all kinds of useful information that students collect
Teach students to use modern equipments and get useful information . In this way , students can improve their study result . First , students use their books , such as vocabulary , notes , grammatical chart . Then teachers tell them how to seach information on the intent and in the library . I realize , students must know how to find out what knowledge they want , and how to use these knowledge , then reach a new heigh . This is really called I can learn .
4.4 Students prepare and plan some date
In traditional English teaching , teachers always prepare some data for class , students can understand the lesson easily . This task is usually given to students , students can collect some data to the teachers. These data are : listening tests , a short story , ask and answer the questions , pictures and some real things . Students are interested in these data and know well . So in my teaching , they are happy to take part in this part . Especially I adopt their data , they all think they can learn English . It will be affect their study for a long time .
4.5 Help students learn self-evaluation
Self-evaluation is an important part in autonomous learning , an important study strategy , and it shows students’ ability of autonomous learning . If we want to develop students’ ability of autonomous learning, we should teach students to learn self-evaluation . We can let students write dairies , self-report or questionnaires and interviews .
Self-evaluation is not only respect for students , but also encourage students to become an autonomous learner , teacher knows progress of students and students know what they should do .
In English teaching , autonomous learning is not a new way , develop students’ ability of autonomous learning is a tough progress , we still have a long way to go .
（作者联通： 678700云南省陇川县景罕中学）