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Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly invasive brain tumor with limited therapeutic means and poor prognosis.Recent studies indicate glioma-initiating cells/glioma stem cells (GICs/GSCs) may be responsible for tumor initiation,infiltration and recurrence.GICs could aberrantly employ molecular machinery balancing self-renewal and differentiation of embryonic neural precursors.Here we found that Paired Related Homeobox 1 (PRRX1),a homeodomain transcription factor that was previously reported to control skeletal development,is expressed in cortical neural progenitors and is required for their self-renewal and proper differentiation.