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The powdery mildews are a fungal group causing "powdery mildew" diseases on ca.10,000 species of angiosperm plants and encompass ca.900 species covering one family and 16 holomorphic genera worldwide.All of the species are exclusively obligate biotrophs of plants.Molecular phylogenetic analyses so far reported indicate that the Erysiphaceae form a distinct monophyletic group.They may be a fungal group that acquired an obligate biotrophic nature only once in their ancestry and have retained it ever since.Here, I will talk about three topics concerning evolution of this fungal group.