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Biomimetic surface design of medical implants is crucial to improve cellular responses and the integration of tissue onto the biomaterials.In this study,a novel hierarchical cell-sized microhole array combined with a nano-network structure was constructed on medical titanium surface to mimic multi-level bone structure.Three-step procedure was developed as follows: 1)electrochemical self-organization of etching on a titanium substrate to create highly ordered cell-sized microhole arrays,2)suitable dual acid etching to increase the roughness of the microholes,and 3)electrochemical anodization in a NaOH electrolyte to construct a nano-network porous titania layer on the prepared microhole arrays.It was found that this bio-inspired structure showed not only a large surface area and superhydrophilicity,but also a superior biomineralization when soaked in simulated body fluid(SBF).More importantly,the bio-inspired micro/nano-textured structure on the titanium surface possessed a favourable interfacial environment to enhance the attachment and proliferation of human osteoblast-like cells.All of the results demonstrated that such a bio-inspired surface of micro/nano-textured porous TiO2 is a promising surface modification for the next generation of titanium implants.