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直接引语与间接引语是初中生必须掌握的重要语法项目之一,但也是难点之一。要让学生正确运用直接引语与间接引语,必须使学生掌握以下几点:
一、直接引语与间接引语的概念
英语中有两种引语,一种是直接引语,另一种是间接引语。直接引语是指直接引用他人所说的话,而间接引语是指用自己的话来转述他人所说的话。他们的主要区别是:直接引语需用引号,而间接引语无需用引号,但需用引导词。
eg: Our teacher said: “There are seven days in a week.”
→Our teacher told us there are seven days in a week.
二、直接引语与间接引语的互相转换
要把直接引语转换成间接引语,首先必须分清直接引语是什么句式。一般初中阶段需掌握四种句式,即:陈述句,一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,祈使句。
1.陈述句变为间接引语
直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连词that引导(that在口语中可以省略)。从句的人称,时态,指示代词,时间状语,地点状语等作相应的变化。
1)人称的变化:一般地第一人称改成第三人称;第二人称有时改成第一人称,有时改成第三人称。要根据具体情形而定。
eg: The boy siad, “I like the toy plane very much.”
The boy said that he liked the toy plane very much.
2)时态的变化
如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,直接引语变为间接引语时,时态由自身来确定,也就是不受主句时态的限制,即从句中的时态无需变化。而如果主语的谓语动词是一般过去时,直接引语改成间接引语时,从句的谓语动词要用过去范围内的某种时态,一般地在原有的基础上升一级,如下表:
eg: 1)Daniel said “I’m afraid I can’t finish this work.”
→Daniel said that he was afraid he couldn’t finish that work.
2)Sandy said, “I’m having my dancing lesson.”
→Sandy said that she was having her dancing lesson.
3)She said, “I haven’t heard from him.”
→She said she hadn’t heard from him.
4)He said, “I was ill.”
→He said that he had been ill.
5)Tom said, “I’ll do it after school.”
→Tom said that he would do it after school.
3)指示代词,时间状语,地点状语和动词的变化。
当然如果是就地转述,那无需把come改成go
eg:1)He said, “I’ll come here tomorrow.”
→He said that he would go there the next day.
2)Millie said, “I’m listening to music now.”
→Millie said that she was listening to music.
2.一般疑问句变为间接引语
直接引语如果是一般疑问句变为间接引语时,首先要把疑问句的语序改为陈述句的语序,句末用句号。其次用whether或if 来引导从句;再次主句中的谓语动词said要改为asked,没有间接宾语时,可以根据句意加一个间接宾语(me, us, him等)。
其余的变化与陈述句相同。
eg:1)He said, “Are you interested in English?”
→He asked (me) if I was interested in English. 他问我是否对英语感兴趣。
2)She askd, “Are you sure you will come?”
→She asked whether I was sure I would come. 他问我是否肯定会来。
注意:一般情况下whether与if 可以互换,但在以下几种情况中通常只能用whether,不能用if:1)whether是用在介词的后面; 2)从句中有or not; 3)动词不定式的复合结构,即whether to go 而不能if to go。
3.特殊疑问句变为间接引语
要把直接引语是特殊疑问句的句子变为间接引语时,与一般疑问句所不同的是引导词不同;特殊疑问句变化时要用特殊疑问词作为引导词,其余的变化相同。
eg:1)“Where will you go?” he asked me.
→He asked me where I would go. 他问我要去哪里。
She asked, “When does his mother get up every day?”
→She asked when his mother got up every day. 她问他的妈妈什么时候起床。
4.祈使句变为间接引语
直接引语如果是祈使句,变为间接引语时要运用asked/told sb. (not) to do sth.的句式。
eg: 1) He said, “Sit down, please.”
He asked us to sit down.
2) Father said, “Don't worry about me.”
→Father told me not to worry about him.
三、值得注意的几点
1.如果直接引语所叙述的内容是表示客观真理,客观事实或习惯性动作的,那么在变间接引语时时态无需改变,即时态不变。
eg: The teacher said, “The earth is round.”
老师说地球是圆的。此句讲的地球无论什么时候都是圆的,不可能变成方的或扁的。客观真理,故此句的时态不变,上句应改为:
→The teacher said (that) the earth is round.
2.如果所述事情当天转述那变化时无需把today改成that day。
3.如果所述事情当地转述那变化时无需把here改成there。
一、直接引语与间接引语的概念
英语中有两种引语,一种是直接引语,另一种是间接引语。直接引语是指直接引用他人所说的话,而间接引语是指用自己的话来转述他人所说的话。他们的主要区别是:直接引语需用引号,而间接引语无需用引号,但需用引导词。
eg: Our teacher said: “There are seven days in a week.”
→Our teacher told us there are seven days in a week.
二、直接引语与间接引语的互相转换
要把直接引语转换成间接引语,首先必须分清直接引语是什么句式。一般初中阶段需掌握四种句式,即:陈述句,一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,祈使句。
1.陈述句变为间接引语
直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连词that引导(that在口语中可以省略)。从句的人称,时态,指示代词,时间状语,地点状语等作相应的变化。
1)人称的变化:一般地第一人称改成第三人称;第二人称有时改成第一人称,有时改成第三人称。要根据具体情形而定。
eg: The boy siad, “I like the toy plane very much.”
The boy said that he liked the toy plane very much.
2)时态的变化
如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,直接引语变为间接引语时,时态由自身来确定,也就是不受主句时态的限制,即从句中的时态无需变化。而如果主语的谓语动词是一般过去时,直接引语改成间接引语时,从句的谓语动词要用过去范围内的某种时态,一般地在原有的基础上升一级,如下表:
eg: 1)Daniel said “I’m afraid I can’t finish this work.”
→Daniel said that he was afraid he couldn’t finish that work.
2)Sandy said, “I’m having my dancing lesson.”
→Sandy said that she was having her dancing lesson.
3)She said, “I haven’t heard from him.”
→She said she hadn’t heard from him.
4)He said, “I was ill.”
→He said that he had been ill.
5)Tom said, “I’ll do it after school.”
→Tom said that he would do it after school.
3)指示代词,时间状语,地点状语和动词的变化。
当然如果是就地转述,那无需把come改成go
eg:1)He said, “I’ll come here tomorrow.”
→He said that he would go there the next day.
2)Millie said, “I’m listening to music now.”
→Millie said that she was listening to music.
2.一般疑问句变为间接引语
直接引语如果是一般疑问句变为间接引语时,首先要把疑问句的语序改为陈述句的语序,句末用句号。其次用whether或if 来引导从句;再次主句中的谓语动词said要改为asked,没有间接宾语时,可以根据句意加一个间接宾语(me, us, him等)。
其余的变化与陈述句相同。
eg:1)He said, “Are you interested in English?”
→He asked (me) if I was interested in English. 他问我是否对英语感兴趣。
2)She askd, “Are you sure you will come?”
→She asked whether I was sure I would come. 他问我是否肯定会来。
注意:一般情况下whether与if 可以互换,但在以下几种情况中通常只能用whether,不能用if:1)whether是用在介词的后面; 2)从句中有or not; 3)动词不定式的复合结构,即whether to go 而不能if to go。
3.特殊疑问句变为间接引语
要把直接引语是特殊疑问句的句子变为间接引语时,与一般疑问句所不同的是引导词不同;特殊疑问句变化时要用特殊疑问词作为引导词,其余的变化相同。
eg:1)“Where will you go?” he asked me.
→He asked me where I would go. 他问我要去哪里。
She asked, “When does his mother get up every day?”
→She asked when his mother got up every day. 她问他的妈妈什么时候起床。
4.祈使句变为间接引语
直接引语如果是祈使句,变为间接引语时要运用asked/told sb. (not) to do sth.的句式。
eg: 1) He said, “Sit down, please.”
He asked us to sit down.
2) Father said, “Don't worry about me.”
→Father told me not to worry about him.
三、值得注意的几点
1.如果直接引语所叙述的内容是表示客观真理,客观事实或习惯性动作的,那么在变间接引语时时态无需改变,即时态不变。
eg: The teacher said, “The earth is round.”
老师说地球是圆的。此句讲的地球无论什么时候都是圆的,不可能变成方的或扁的。客观真理,故此句的时态不变,上句应改为:
→The teacher said (that) the earth is round.
2.如果所述事情当天转述那变化时无需把today改成that day。
3.如果所述事情当地转述那变化时无需把here改成there。