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自溃坝一般是指设置在非常溢洪道上的一个易冲坝段。在非常洪水情况下,水库在达予定的水位时,能借助水自身的力量使该坝段在予定时间内自动溃决(或稍加人工控制后溃决)的特殊挡水建筑物。很明显,它的特点既要能够挡水又要能够及时溃决,同时必需是易于修复,而修复的代价最小,使水库很快地恢复到正常的运用状态。目前国内外采用自溃坝的地方已经逐步多起来了,如美国、澳大利亚、土耳其以及国内的浙、豫、辽、皖、桂等省区。下面先介绍几个典型例子,然后再就有关设计问题作一简要介绍。
A self-defeating dam generally refers to an easily dike section which is arranged on a very spillway. In very flood circumstances, when the reservoir reaches a given water level, it can use water’s own strength to make the dam automatically break down (or collapse after a little manual control) within a specified time. It is clear that its characteristics not only have to be able to block the water but also promptly ruin, and at the same time it must be easy to repair, and the minimum cost of repair, so that the reservoir quickly returned to normal operation. Nowadays, there are more and more places in the world where self-defeating dam has been adopted, such as the United States, Australia, Turkey and the provinces and autonomous regions such as Zhejiang, Henan, Liaoning, Anhui and Guangxi. The following describes a few typical examples, and then make a brief introduction on design issues.