论文部分内容阅读
做好短文改错首先要认真阅读短文，在做题之前要先弄清原文大意，再根据短文大意和上下文逻辑关系，对文章进行逐字逐句的分析，检查句子的结构是否完整，语气是否连贯等等。改完后，还要回过头来重读一遍全文，查看改过后是否能使语句通顺，时态一致，合乎逻辑。再次通读可以在初改时感觉不顺的地方集中精力，仔细推敲，使答案更加准确。因为有时就一个句子来看可能在两个地方修改都说得过去，但在上下文中可能只能在一处修改才正确。
在改题过程中，要综合运用所学语言知识，根据各行不同的错误情况分别进行答题（即改词、加词或减词）。在短文改错中常出现的错误主要有以下几类：
[名词]
名词单复数用错，可数与不可数名词的混用。大多数短文改错都会有此类的错误。
例1 ... they take him lots of good book and fresh fruit.
解析 book→books。book前用lots of修饰，应用复数。
例2 下面短文中有10处语言错误。请在有错误的地方增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一个横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从11处起）不计分。
It is real a good chance to have met all of you here. We have spent several precious weekend in learning in the English Club. Although we have been members for a short period of times， we have made a great progress. That is because we are all very much active and the activities are not only enjoyable and also helpful. Besides， the foreign teachers here work hard and try his best to make the activities lively and inter ested. I am very pleased to say that all of us greatly improved our spoken English so far. I am looking forward to see all of you again in the near future！
解析
1. real→really；
2. weekend→weekends；
3. times→time；
4. 去掉a；
5. 去掉much；
6. and→but；
7. his→their；
8. interested→interesting；
9. us∧have
10. see→seeing。
[动词]
时态和语态错误，常表现为总体时态为过去或现在时，中间杂有不适当的另一时态的情况；及物动词后无宾语，或是不及物动词后加了宾语；需要接ing形式的接了to，或相反等。
例3 The Sichuan Restaurant and the older fish shop across the street from our middle school were gone.
解析 were→are。根据上文可知饭店和鱼店消失陈述的都是现在的情况。
例4 I can’t swim so I have a strong fear of water. Look back at my childhood， I think that three reasons might explain fear. Firstly， I am not allowed to go near the water when I was a child， as my mother had an unreasonable fear of it. Therefore， I was taught to see to the water as something danger. Secondly， my eyes became bad when I was five. If I took off my glass in the water， I couldn’t see something， and this increased my fear. What’s worse， for a child I once saw a neighbor drowned. Since then I have been more frightening.
解析 1. so→because；
2. look→looking；
3. 加the；
4. am→was；
5. 去掉to；
6. danger→dangerous；
7. glass→glasses；
8. something→anything；
9. for→as； 10. frightening→frightened。
[形容词、副词]
现在需用形容词的地方用了副词或相反；关系副词where，when，why等的缺失或错用。
例5 He has a comfortable room， patiently nurses， and a great deal of time to read.
解析 patiently→patient。修饰名词nurses，用形容词。
例6 A man was driving on the road. Suddenly his cars stopped. He got out of the car tried to find out the trouble. “It’s the motor.” Said the voice behind him. He was surprising and turned around. But he saw only an old horse. “Did you say something？” he asked. “I said you should check yours motor.” The horse replied. The man rushed to the nearest house. With a very excited voice， he told the farmer had happened. The farmer， therefore， showed no sign of excitement. He explained， “He didn’t know anything about cars. He can only repeat wha t I often say.”
解析
1. cars→car；
2. tried→trying；
3. the→a；
4. surprising→surprised；
5. something→anything；
6. yours→your；
7. With→In；
8. the farmer∧had→what；
9. therefore→however；
10. didn’t→doesn’t。
[介词、冠词]
涉及到介词的多余或缺失，错用。这一部分需要平时多多积累，弄清常用介词的搭配。及定冠词the的多余或缺失，如季节，月份，星期，球类及三餐活动，称呼头衔前等不能加the的地方加了the，或是same等常和the一起使用的词却漏税掉了the；a，an的混用，特别注意：hour，honest等虽然首字母不是元音字母，但其发音却是以元音素开头，故用an，而useful，university，European，等虽然首字母是元音字母，但却以辅音音素开头，故用a。
例7 ... and sports center has been built in their place.
解析 sports前加a。sports center是可数名词单数，表示不确定。
例8 The driver put the window down and offered us a umbrella because he found we were wet through.
解析 a→an。由umbrella的发音可知以元音因素开头，应用an。
[数词、连词]
涉及到是序数词与基数词的混用和错用，如分数的分子大于一时分母没有用复数等，基数词的复数形式如几百hundreds of，几千thousands of漏掉了s，或是当其前有具体数字或several时加了复数，如seven hundred，写作seven hundreds。或不合句中的逻辑关系。如需转折连词（如but）的时候用了承接连词（so），或相反等等。
例9 This man might need the umbrella himself， and he preferred to give it to somebody else.
解析 and→but，前后构成转折，用but。
例10 （短文改错）My neighbor Jackie is always consideration to others. One day， I was going to deliver a speech at an institute while I found my car wouldn’t get started. I rushed to the street to hire a taxi. Just at that time I come across Jackie. He was hurried going to attend his sick mother in hospital.
Furthermore， when he learned about my problems， he didn’t hesitate to give me a lift. I arrived at the lecture hall in time， when the audience had been present. I owe my great thanks to my neighbour Jackie， he is a person ready to help the others at any time. 解析
1. consideration→considerate；
2. While→when；
3. come→came；
4. hurried→hurriedly；
5. attend后面加to；
6. Furthermore→however；
7. problems→problem；
8. when→where；
9. he→who；
10. 去掉the。
[代词]
涉及到代词的格与数的错用。如男性用了女性代词，单数用了复数代词或相反；应当用形容词性的物主代词用了宾格，主格或相反，关系代词的错用或缺失。如只能用that引导的用了其它，或在不能用that的地方却用了that，或是在“介词+关系代词”结构中漏掉了介词等。
例11 The factory...has been moved out of the city， and a sports center has been built in their place.
解析 their→its。因为前文中提到了名词The factory是单数，因此把their改为its。
例12 One day I saw a second—hand bicycle， that was only one hundred yuan.
解析 that→which。非限制性定语从句的先行词指物时只能用which不能用that。
[主谓一致性、固定短语用法及句型]
第三人称单数漏掉s，或主语为复数，谓语动词用了单数；还有就近原则对主语的影响。
例13 It was a lesson to us that it was possible give without expecting anything in return.
解析 在possible后加to。由“it is（was） possible（或其他形容词）+to do sth”.这一固定句型决定。
例14 Patience is of great importance in our daily life. Once I waited a bus to come at a stop. 30 minutes past， but no bus came. Both sad and annoyed， I decided to walk on feet. But no sooner had I left when the bus arrived. I thought if I had waited for one more minute， I would have caught it. If I chose to take a next bus， I would have to wait for other 30 minutes. Only then do I realize my problem. Being impatient will possible waste all the effort that we have put it in. Now whenever I am close to lose my patience， I’ll think of this experience.
解析
1. 加上for；
2. past→passed；
3. feet→foot；
4. when→than；
5. a→the；
6. other→another；
7. do→did；
8. possible→possibly；
9. 去掉it；
10. lose→losing。
在改题过程中，要综合运用所学语言知识，根据各行不同的错误情况分别进行答题（即改词、加词或减词）。在短文改错中常出现的错误主要有以下几类：
[名词]
名词单复数用错，可数与不可数名词的混用。大多数短文改错都会有此类的错误。
例1 ... they take him lots of good book and fresh fruit.
解析 book→books。book前用lots of修饰，应用复数。
例2 下面短文中有10处语言错误。请在有错误的地方增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一个横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从11处起）不计分。
It is real a good chance to have met all of you here. We have spent several precious weekend in learning in the English Club. Although we have been members for a short period of times， we have made a great progress. That is because we are all very much active and the activities are not only enjoyable and also helpful. Besides， the foreign teachers here work hard and try his best to make the activities lively and inter ested. I am very pleased to say that all of us greatly improved our spoken English so far. I am looking forward to see all of you again in the near future！
解析
1. real→really；
2. weekend→weekends；
3. times→time；
4. 去掉a；
5. 去掉much；
6. and→but；
7. his→their；
8. interested→interesting；
9. us∧have
10. see→seeing。
[动词]
时态和语态错误，常表现为总体时态为过去或现在时，中间杂有不适当的另一时态的情况；及物动词后无宾语，或是不及物动词后加了宾语；需要接ing形式的接了to，或相反等。
例3 The Sichuan Restaurant and the older fish shop across the street from our middle school were gone.
解析 were→are。根据上文可知饭店和鱼店消失陈述的都是现在的情况。
例4 I can’t swim so I have a strong fear of water. Look back at my childhood， I think that three reasons might explain fear. Firstly， I am not allowed to go near the water when I was a child， as my mother had an unreasonable fear of it. Therefore， I was taught to see to the water as something danger. Secondly， my eyes became bad when I was five. If I took off my glass in the water， I couldn’t see something， and this increased my fear. What’s worse， for a child I once saw a neighbor drowned. Since then I have been more frightening.
解析 1. so→because；
2. look→looking；
3. 加the；
4. am→was；
5. 去掉to；
6. danger→dangerous；
7. glass→glasses；
8. something→anything；
9. for→as； 10. frightening→frightened。
[形容词、副词]
现在需用形容词的地方用了副词或相反；关系副词where，when，why等的缺失或错用。
例5 He has a comfortable room， patiently nurses， and a great deal of time to read.
解析 patiently→patient。修饰名词nurses，用形容词。
例6 A man was driving on the road. Suddenly his cars stopped. He got out of the car tried to find out the trouble. “It’s the motor.” Said the voice behind him. He was surprising and turned around. But he saw only an old horse. “Did you say something？” he asked. “I said you should check yours motor.” The horse replied. The man rushed to the nearest house. With a very excited voice， he told the farmer had happened. The farmer， therefore， showed no sign of excitement. He explained， “He didn’t know anything about cars. He can only repeat wha t I often say.”
解析
1. cars→car；
2. tried→trying；
3. the→a；
4. surprising→surprised；
5. something→anything；
6. yours→your；
7. With→In；
8. the farmer∧had→what；
9. therefore→however；
10. didn’t→doesn’t。
[介词、冠词]
涉及到介词的多余或缺失，错用。这一部分需要平时多多积累，弄清常用介词的搭配。及定冠词the的多余或缺失，如季节，月份，星期，球类及三餐活动，称呼头衔前等不能加the的地方加了the，或是same等常和the一起使用的词却漏税掉了the；a，an的混用，特别注意：hour，honest等虽然首字母不是元音字母，但其发音却是以元音素开头，故用an，而useful，university，European，等虽然首字母是元音字母，但却以辅音音素开头，故用a。
例7 ... and sports center has been built in their place.
解析 sports前加a。sports center是可数名词单数，表示不确定。
例8 The driver put the window down and offered us a umbrella because he found we were wet through.
解析 a→an。由umbrella的发音可知以元音因素开头，应用an。
[数词、连词]
涉及到是序数词与基数词的混用和错用，如分数的分子大于一时分母没有用复数等，基数词的复数形式如几百hundreds of，几千thousands of漏掉了s，或是当其前有具体数字或several时加了复数，如seven hundred，写作seven hundreds。或不合句中的逻辑关系。如需转折连词（如but）的时候用了承接连词（so），或相反等等。
例9 This man might need the umbrella himself， and he preferred to give it to somebody else.
解析 and→but，前后构成转折，用but。
例10 （短文改错）My neighbor Jackie is always consideration to others. One day， I was going to deliver a speech at an institute while I found my car wouldn’t get started. I rushed to the street to hire a taxi. Just at that time I come across Jackie. He was hurried going to attend his sick mother in hospital.
Furthermore， when he learned about my problems， he didn’t hesitate to give me a lift. I arrived at the lecture hall in time， when the audience had been present. I owe my great thanks to my neighbour Jackie， he is a person ready to help the others at any time. 解析
1. consideration→considerate；
2. While→when；
3. come→came；
4. hurried→hurriedly；
5. attend后面加to；
6. Furthermore→however；
7. problems→problem；
8. when→where；
9. he→who；
10. 去掉the。
[代词]
涉及到代词的格与数的错用。如男性用了女性代词，单数用了复数代词或相反；应当用形容词性的物主代词用了宾格，主格或相反，关系代词的错用或缺失。如只能用that引导的用了其它，或在不能用that的地方却用了that，或是在“介词+关系代词”结构中漏掉了介词等。
例11 The factory...has been moved out of the city， and a sports center has been built in their place.
解析 their→its。因为前文中提到了名词The factory是单数，因此把their改为its。
例12 One day I saw a second—hand bicycle， that was only one hundred yuan.
解析 that→which。非限制性定语从句的先行词指物时只能用which不能用that。
[主谓一致性、固定短语用法及句型]
第三人称单数漏掉s，或主语为复数，谓语动词用了单数；还有就近原则对主语的影响。
例13 It was a lesson to us that it was possible give without expecting anything in return.
解析 在possible后加to。由“it is（was） possible（或其他形容词）+to do sth”.这一固定句型决定。
例14 Patience is of great importance in our daily life. Once I waited a bus to come at a stop. 30 minutes past， but no bus came. Both sad and annoyed， I decided to walk on feet. But no sooner had I left when the bus arrived. I thought if I had waited for one more minute， I would have caught it. If I chose to take a next bus， I would have to wait for other 30 minutes. Only then do I realize my problem. Being impatient will possible waste all the effort that we have put it in. Now whenever I am close to lose my patience， I’ll think of this experience.
解析
1. 加上for；
2. past→passed；
3. feet→foot；
4. when→than；
5. a→the；
6. other→another；
7. do→did；
8. possible→possibly；
9. 去掉it；
10. lose→losing。