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Piezoelectric ceramics,primarily based on Pb(Zr,Ti)O3,are widely used in a variety of engineering technologies.The toxicity of lead in these functional materials has led to intensive worldwide search for lead-free substitutes.These oxides are generally produced in the form of polycrystals.To develop piezoelectricity,as-sintered polycrystalline ceramics have to be poled,where an intensive DC electric field is applied to align the polarization in individual grains through ferroelectric domain switching.