【摘 要】
：
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a relatively common disorder of childhood characterized by overactivity, inattention and impulsivity.The worldwide prevalence of ADHD is about 5%, an
【机 构】
：
University of California USA
【出 处】
：
BIT`s 3rd Annual World Congress of NeuroTalk-2012(2012第三届国际神
论文部分内容阅读
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a relatively common disorder of childhood characterized by overactivity, inattention and impulsivity.The worldwide prevalence of ADHD is about 5%, and the pathophysiology is considered to be a perturbation of the brains dopamine (DA) networks.A hereditary basis of ADHD has been established by family genetic and molecular biological studies, in the form of genes that encode for the dopamine 4 receptor (D4R4) or the dopamine transporter (DAT 1).A number of neurotoxic agents seem capable of precipitating ADHD-like behavior, including exposure to lead (Pb), illicit stimulants (e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine) or pesticides (e.g., organophosphates;organochlorines).We have been particularly interested in manganese (Mn), because the metal appears to preferentially affect DAergic systems (although g-amino-butyric acid [GABAergic] influences have also now been implicated).In humans, the main source of Mn is diet, and we have focused on dietary influences during the neonatal period, as Mn homeostasis develops slowly in the human infant, and soy-based infant formulas contain Mn levels 80 to 100 times higher than those found in human breast milk.The results of studies with rodents, nonhuman primates, and retrospective human studies are presented.Based on these studies, there does appear to be a significant association between neonatal overabsorption of Mn, neurotoxic damage in critical brain systems, and ADHD-related behavioral deficits.These results are discussed in terms of their implications for neonatal nutrition.
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