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The genomic signature underlying a specific biological effect of a chemical or drug can be isolated by comparing the microarray-generated signatures of active and inactive isomers.Application of this methodology to active (neurotoxic) and inactive (nonneurotoxic) diacetylbenzene isomers showed conservatively that less than half of the genes modulated by the former were specific to the active compound.This broadly applicable approach markedly increases the efficiency by which transcriptional profiles can be related to a chemical-or drug-induced phenotype.