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Organic photovoltaic(OPV)devices and related thin-film photovoltaic technologies such as organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs)are typically based on photoactive small molecule semiconductors,semiconducting polymers,and/or hybrids of these materials with semiconducting oxide and low work function metal contacts.These dissimilar materials must form chemically and physically robust interfaces for efficient charge harvesting or injection.Dramatic improvements in efficiency and lifetime of these devices will not be possible without optimization of interfacial charge transfer events founded on a molecular-level understanding of the physical and chemical interactions that control these interfaces.This presentation will highlight recent studies utilizing surface optical and electron spectroscopies of interface formation between organic semiconductors relevant in OPVs and OLEDs and low work function metal contacts environments designed to illuminate the chemical and physical details of critical interfaces in these devices.