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Three major challenges for mass spectrometry are presented and it is argued that each of these is achievable on a five-year time scale.These objectives are: 1.Future mass spectrometers will see routine use in surgical diagnosis and clinical point-of-care applications.There is already considerable progress towards ambient ionization for tissue diagnostics using complex lipid profiles,especially in brain cancer.[1] Applications in clinical POC are emerging rapidly.[2] Both types of applications call for small,portable instruments.[3] 2.Future mass spectrometers will operate at atmospheric pressure.Ambient ionization,[4] ambient ion focusing,[5] and ambient ion detection[6] are already established.The ability to make m/z measurements without vacuum is still to be realized.3.Future mass spectrometers will find routine use in organic synthesis.Preparative mass spectrometry,for organic compounds [7] and nanomaterials [8] is an emerging capability,facilitated by the acceleration of chemical reactions in microdroplets.