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Species richness of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities often far exceeds that of their host plant communities.One possible explanation of that is partitioning of space and time by the ECM fungal species.However, due to difficulty of identification of mycorrhizal fungi, which has been mainly done by observing mycorrhizal morphotypes, changes of species composition along with spatial and temporal pattems remain unclear.Additionally, previous studies regarding ECM fungal communities were conducted primarily in temperate and boreal forests, resulting in poor knowledge of ECM fungal communities in tropical and subtropical forests.