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Objective: Chemotherapy is generally considered to be immunosuppressive because of its adverse effects on normal bone marrow or peripheral lymphoid cells, however, recently some types of chemotherapeutic agents have been shown to activate the host immune system.Because accumulating evidence indicates that gemcitabine (GEM), a pyrimidine nucleoside analogue, may activate host immune responses, its potential as an immune modulator in cancer chemotherapy has generated considerable interest.