《义务教育英语课程标准(2011年版)》中明确了英语课程具有工具性和人文性双重性质。就工具性而言,英语课程承担着培养学生基本英语素质和发展学生思维能力的任务,即学生通过英语课程掌握基本的英语语言知识,发展基本的听、说、读、写技能,初步形成用英语与他人交流的能力,进一步促进思维能力的发展。就人文性而言,英语课程承担着提高学生综合人文素养的任务,即学生通过英语课程能够开阔视野,丰富生活经历,形成跨文化意识,增强爱国主义精神,发展创新能力,形成良好的品格和正确的人生观与价值观(中华人民共和国教育部,2012)。
20世纪70年代的过程教学法(process approach)为写作教学如何从重结果转向重过程、由过分强调教师教的作用转向重视学生独立思考和建构意义的能力培养等方面提供了重要的理论依据。该理论主张通过写作过程的交互、共享与协商完成写作任务,强调在学生完成写作任务的过程中帮助他们发现、分析和解决问题,强调学生在写作过程中的中心地位,即英语写作评价应以学生为主体,以学生的实际需求为主要参照,以英语写作策略训练为辅助手段,改进写作评价机制,充分调动学生参与写作与评价的积极性。
因此,基于上述理论,教师将本节课设计为读写结合训练课,即把对文本的阅读作为学生在写作过程中解决写作困难的一個重要支撑。通过preparation for content, preparation for language以及writing 三个步骤的设计使学生在完成写作任务的过程中先后三次回到本课的文本中寻找有效信息来丰富自己的写作表达。
教学内容分析*
本课是北师大版《英语》八年级上册Unit 4“Healthy Living”的 Communication Workshop部分,内容是一位小女孩写的日记。在日记中,她从饮食、卫生、运动三个方面介绍了自己的健康生活方式和一些有待改进的生活习惯。这篇日记共分为五段,其中第一段小女孩通过学校的survey了解了自己的习惯。第二至第四段分别从eating habits, keeping clean以及doing exercise这三个方面较详细地介绍了自己健康的生活习惯、不健康的生活习惯及其原因和后果。最后一段是小女孩对自己的生活总结,并反思了如何改进的途径。
该语篇是一篇说明文,文体结构和内容间的逻辑关系清晰,可供训练学生的思维并完善写作。比如,在日记中,作者在表达好习惯和有待改进的地方之间的转折关系时,使用了学生本单元已学过的连词although和but来引导,同时还使用了because和so等连词来表示事物的因果关系等。
1.教学流程图(见图2)
2.教学过程描述
(1)Lead-in (2 mins)
Ss review the topic of Unit 4 with pictures and questions.
T: What did you learn in Unit 4?
Ss: Health and healthy habits.
T: Do you think you are living healthily?
Ss: Yes.
T: If yes, what do you do to live healthily?
S1: I have enough sleep.
T: Having enough sleep is very important to your health.
S2: I drink enough water.
T: Drinking enough water is a very good habit.
S3: I often go to bed early.
S4: I do exercise every day.
T: Well, you know well about your healthy habits.
[设计意图]帮助学生回忆健康生活话题,引发学生对自己生活习惯的思考,为笔头输出的主要内容及细节信息作准备。
[体现的学标编号和国核要点]
3.1.2批判質疑
(2)Pre-writing (5 mins)
Step 1 Understanding the writing task.
Ss read the task on worksheet and talk about what they are going to write.
Task:《21世纪英文报》面向全国初中生举办一场以“健康生活方式”为主题的征文活动。
你有良好的卫生习惯吗?你经常做运动吗?……请举例说明你有哪些健康的生活习惯,并列举说明你将要如何去做以改正不健康的生活习惯。字数不少于60词。
Step 2 Checking the understanding.
Ss share their understanding of the task in class.
S1: Give examples of healthy habits.
S2: What sports do you often do?
S3: What good habits do we have?
[设计意图]通过指导学生画出写作任务中的核心词,归纳本次写作任务的内容要点,并总结审题方法,渗透审题技巧。
[体现的学标编号和国核要点]
5.1.3乐学善学
(3)While-writing (27 mins)
Step 1 Preparation for content (17 mins)
Ss brainstorm the questions and share their ideas about the aspects orally before getting more ideas from the text according to the following question.
T:What aspects are you going to write about? (T writes what Ss say on the blackboard.)
Ss: Living habits. Exercise. Eating.
[设计意图]引导学生在理解写作任务后,口头充分表达自己对此话题的观点和想法,激活已知。
[体现的学标编号和国核要点]
3.1.2批判质疑
Ss read and find out the aspects they
like to focus on in their writing.
Ss read the text quickly to find out what they didn’t mention.
T: Did she talk about eating habits?
Ss: Yes. Eating. Clean and tidy. Exercise.
T: With these aspects, can you decide what you are going to write?
Ss choose aspects for their own writing and write them down on their cards.
Ss share their own aspects in class.
S1: I do exercise sometimes.
S2: I often play badminton, and I also play basketball.
Ss read and learn to write the topic sentence.
Ss try to write down the topic sentence on their worksheet.
Ss: I have good exercise habits.
T: Yes, I’m also interested in doing exercise. And I do exercise regularly. How well do you do in those aspects?
Ss read the paragraphs and underline the topic sentences in the text.
S1: I usually eat healthy food, because…
S2: I am also very clean and tidy.
S3: Although I’m thin, I don’t exercise very much.
Ss revise their topic sentences if needed.
[設计意图]引导学生在发现运用自己的已知完成任务可能会遇到困难时,通过有目的的阅读,获取范文中各段主要内容及细节描写,补充新知识,为完成写作任务在内容选择和细节描述方面打下基础。
[体现的学标编号和国核要点]
1.2.3批判质疑
Ss read and learn to write the details and examples.
Ss try to talk about the examples and details orally.
S1: I go swimming.
S2: I dance very often.
Ss read and circle the examples in the text.
S1: I often wash my hand and I take a shower every day.
S2: I brush my teeth twice a day.
S3: I play Ping Pong twice a month.
Ss write down the details and examples on their worksheet.
Ss share their details and examples in class.
S1: I do exercise every day. I often play basketball with my friends at school. I also play football after school. Sometimes I run with my classmates in weekends.
Ss read and learn to write the things they need to do better.
Ss try to write down things they need to do better on their worksheet.
S1: I need to eat less in the evening.
S2: I need to do more exercise during the holiday.
S3: I should climb stairs every day.
Ss read and underline the things Wu needs to do better.
Ss compare the writings of Wu’s
and their own to find out the linking word“although/but”.
Ss revise the things they need to do better on their worksheet.
Ss share the things they need to do better in class.
[设计意图]引导学生在阅读范文的过程中通过总结Wu对自己生活习惯的反思,发现作者所使用的连接词,并体会连接词在范文中所表达的含义。
[体现的学标编号和国核要点]
1.2.6人文积淀,批判质疑;2.2.4批判质疑;3.1.2批判质疑;5.1.7批判质疑
Step 2 Preparation for language (5 mins)
Ss learn to write the details and examples logically by using adverbial clauses and compound sentences when necessary.
Ss recall the conjunctions learned in this unit.
S1: But I sometimes eat junk food when I’m with my friends.
S2: Although I’m thin, I don’t exercise very much and I’m not very strong.
S3: I play ping pong once a month but I’m not very good at it.
S4: I walk to school every day but I should do more.
Match the sentences in the book.
Revise the sentences they write.
[设计意图]引导学生通过练习进一步体验连接词的意义和用法,并修改自己的文章,以充分体现句与句之间的逻辑关系。
[体现的学标编号和国核要点]
2.2.4批判质疑
Step 3 Writing (5 mins)
Ss revise their articles.
[设计意图] 帮助学生自主完善篇章写作任务,渗透写作自主评价的策略与方法。
[体现的学标编号和国核要点]
2.2.4批判质疑
(4)Post-writing (6 mins)
①Share the writing in pairs and give some suggestions to each other.
②Ss share the writing in class.
③Other students and the teacher will give some comments on the writing.
[设计意图]反馈学生用英语完成写作任务的效果,增强学生的学习成就感,促进学生之间的沟通交流与合作。
[体现的学标编号和国核要点]
3.1.2批判质疑
暑期这段时间,我正在重温卢梭的《爱弥儿》这部教育巨著。“Plants are shaped by cultivation, and men by education. … We are born weak, we need strength; we are born totally unprovided, we need aid; we are born stupid, we need judgm