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A new compact conformal dome optical system was designed, and the aberration characteristics of the dome were investigated using Zeike aberration theory. The aberrations induced by the conformal dome at different fields of regard (FORs) from 0?to 90?were effectively balanced by a pair of rotating cylindrical lenses. A design method was introduced and the optimization results were analyzed in detail. The results showed that the Zeike aberrations produced by the conformal dome were decreased dramatically. Also, a complete conformal optical system was designed to further illustrate the aberration correction effect of the rotating cylindrical lenses. Using a pair of rotating cylindrical lenses not only provided an ultra-wide FOR, but also perduced a better image quality of the optical system.