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根据新疆石河子垦区50年气象数据资料,计算分析了主要作物需水量变化及自然降水条件下农田水分平衡状况,并对主要作物水分生产效率效益进行了比较。结果表明:春小麦、冬小麦、春大豆、春谷子、苜蓿需水量均呈上升趋势,其中春小麦增加幅度最大,每5 a平均增加6.6 mm,而春玉米、水稻、棉花需水量呈下降趋势。粮食作物中以水稻亏水量最高,冬小麦、春玉米次之,而春大豆、春谷子、春小麦、薯类作物相对较小,经济作物中以糖类作物亏水量最高,其次为加工番茄、苜蓿、棉花,而瓜类、麻类、油料作物相对较小。不同灌溉方式下作物水分利用效率效益差异较大,粮食类作物如春小麦、春玉米水分利用效率高于其他作物,而果菜类作物如葡萄、蟠桃、线椒水分经济效益最高。
According to the 50 years’ meteorological data of Shihezi reclamation area in Xinjiang, the change of water requirement of main crops and the water balance of farmland under natural rainfall were calculated and compared, and the efficiency of water production efficiency of main crops was compared. The results showed that the water requirement of spring wheat, winter wheat, spring soybean, spring millet and alfalfa all showed an upward trend. The spring wheat increased most rapidly with an increase of 6.6 mm every 5 years, while the water requirement of spring maize, rice and cotton showed a downward trend. The rice crop has the highest amount of water deficit in winter wheat and spring maize, while the spring soybean, spring millet, spring wheat and potato crop are relatively small, while the sugar crop in the cash crop has the highest amount of water loss, followed by processed tomato, alfalfa, Cotton, while melons, hemp, oil crops are relatively small. The efficiency of crop water use efficiency varies widely under different irrigation modes. The water use efficiency of grain crops such as spring wheat and spring maize is higher than that of other crops, while the fruit and vegetable crops such as grape, peach and pepper have the highest economic benefits.