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如果不算国际贸易,现代意义上大规模的国际化只有三种驱动因素:开拓市场、降低成本、攫取资源。二战后,大规模的国际化出现在制造业领域,以产业的梯度转移为表现形式。在全球范围内,已经出现三次比较显著的产业梯度转移。第一次国际产业梯度转移20世纪五六十年代,随着美国科学技术的发展和劳动力成本的不断增加,美国在实现产业结构升级的同时,把一些劳动密集型产业向日本转移,自己则致力于发展技术密集型产业和资本技术双密集型产业。
Without international trade, there are only three driving forces in large-scale internationalization in the modern sense: opening up the market, reducing costs, and grabbing resources. After World War II, large-scale internationalization appeared in the field of manufacturing industry, with the gradient transfer of industry as the manifestation. Globally, there have been three significant industrial gradient transfers. The First International Gradient Industrial Transfer In the 1950s and 1960s, with the development of science and technology in the United States and increasing labor costs, the United States, while upgrading its industrial structure, shifted some labor-intensive industries to Japan and devised its own efforts In the development of technology-intensive industries and capital-technology-intensive industries.