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根据药物的临床用途和药物动力学性能,可以将众多的β-内酰胺类抗生素分成四类:1.注射用青霉素(图1);2.注射用头孢菌素(图2);3.口服青霉素和头孢菌素(图3)和4.非经典β-内酰胺类和β-内酰胺酶抑制剂(图4)。根据结构和抗菌谱还可将它们分成19个亚类,见图1～4的附表。七十年代从临床分离的革兰氏阴性杆菌的百分率渐增,而病原性阳性球菌的百分率下降。1973～1974年在日本分离出来的革兰
According to the clinical and pharmacokinetic properties of the drug, numerous β-lactam antibiotics can be divided into four categories: 1. Penicillin for injection (Figure 1); 2. Cephalosporin for injection (Figure 2); 3. Oral Penicillins and cephalosporins (Figure 3) and 4. Non-classical beta-lactams and beta-lactamase inhibitors (Figure 4). They can also be grouped into 19 subcategories based on their structure and antibacterial spectrum, as shown in the tables in Figures 1-4. The percentage of gram-negative bacilli isolated clinically from the seventies increased while the percentage of pathogenic positive cocci decreased. Gram from 1973 to 1974 in Japan