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发展经济学的大部分理论都在于论证一个重要的命题:工业化是发展中国家经济起飞的必然选择。然而,更重要的问题还在于:发展中国家的工业化是在农业部门存在着大量剩余劳动力的情况下进行的。因此,发展中国家工业化在许多方面自然不同于已经工业化的发达国家。这也不能不影响到马克思经济学说中的某些经典理论。第一,在农业剩余劳动力的产生条件上,马克思认为,“超过劳动者个人需要的农业劳动生产率”,是农业剩余劳动力产生的前提,也是“一切社会的基础”。然而,在发展中国家,农业剩余劳动力恰恰不是农业劳动生产率提高的结果,而是农业劳动生产率极端低下的产物。第二,在工业化路线上,马克思认为,只有当农业充分发展,“可供支配的劳动时间,不致全
Most of the theories of economic development lie in the argument that an important proposition is that industrialization is the inevitable choice for developing countries to take off economically. However, the more important issue lies in the fact that industrialization in developing countries is carried out in the presence of a large surplus of labor in the agricultural sector. Industrialization in developing countries therefore naturally differs in many ways from that of developed countries that have been industrialized. This can not but affect some of the classic theory of Marx’s economic theory. First, in terms of the conditions for the generation of agricultural surplus labor, Marx believes that “the agricultural labor productivity that exceeds the individual needs of laborers” is the prerequisite for the generation of agricultural surplus labor and the “foundation of all societies.” However, in developing countries, the surplus agricultural labor force is not the result of an increase in the productivity of agricultural labor, but an extremely low productivity of agricultural labor. Second, on the industrialization line, Marx believes that only when agriculture is fully developed, "the working hours available to control, not all