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行动的理由是当代西方元伦理学与行动哲学的核心议题之一。该理论是用理由来解释行动的哲学企图,即试图在认知性的理由与意动性的行动之间实现理论上的完美契合。在该问题上,休谟主义与康德主义成为两大主流的且相互竞争的理论。休谟主义立足于休谟的欲求概念来刻画理由给予行动现实动机的内在机制,强调欲求是行动的终极诉求,理由是欲求主导下的衍生物,是内在性的,即理由内在主义。康德主义则着眼于行动理由的规范性,立足康德的理性与主体性原则打造行动价值与行动动机的终结性源泉,强调理由对行动的规范性约束是主体自主建构的结果。一个完满的行动理由理论必须同时回答行动理由的动机性与规范性两个维度的问题,然而休谟主义与康德主义在各自的理论体系之内均无法完满地回答理由的外在规范性问题。对行动道德价值的规范性判断如果能够成立,仅仅依靠“规范理由”的概念是不够的,最终必须对价值本体问题作出回答,从而使行动理由的理论真正能够为伦理道德提供哲学之根基。
The reason for action is one of the core topics of contemporary Western ethics and action philosophy. This theory is a philosophical attempt to explain action by reason, that is, to try to achieve a perfect theoretical fit between the cognitive reason and the motivated action. On this issue, Humeanism and Kantism have become two mainstream and competing theories. Based on Hume’s concept of desire, Humemism depict the inner mechanism of reason giving motivation to action, and emphasize that desire is the ultimate demand of action. The reason is that the derivative under the desire is internal, that is, reason internalism. Kantism focuses on the normative nature of the action ground. Based on the principle of reason and subjectivity of Kant, Kantism creates the ultimate source of the value and motivation of action. It emphasizes that the normative restraint of the action is the result of the autonomous construction of the subject. A perfect theory of rationale for action must answer both the motivational and normative dimensions of cause of action. However, neither Humean nor Kantism satisfactorily answer extrinsic normative issues within its own theoretical system. If the normative judgment of the moral value of action can be established, it is not enough just to rely on the notion of “justification”, and ultimately the question of the value of the body must be answered so that the theory of action can really provide the philosophical basis for ethics .