男权运动的兴起

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  "Men's Rights" movement (MRM) comes out of the men's liberation movement, is considered to be a countermovement of feminism and firmly believe that men are victimized and disadvantaged relative to women. The 80s saw a rise of "Men's Rights Activists" who largely focus on men's oppression disadvantage, discrimination and Men's rights activists also often refer to themselves as "masculinists”. They believe that discrimination against men is awarded less attention than women's, seeing the need of elimination of traditional feminine privileges.
  Many men rights organizations in the world are trying to change this unfair condition. In the US, The Coalition of Free Men, Inc. (NCFM) was founded in 1977 upon the realization that men needed a unified voice in addressing issues concerning men and boys. In the United Kingdom, a men's rights group calling itself the UK Men's Movement began to organize in the early 1990s.Admittedly, in comparison with the feminist waves, the MRM has not yet made a great progress.
  男性权利运动从男性解放运动中衍生,是女权运动的反向运动,它坚定的将男性定位为受害人,相信男性相对女性而言更加弱势。80年代,“男子维权活动”兴起,关注男性所遭受的压迫和歧视。“男子维权活动发起人”将自己定位为“男权主义者”。他们相信,男性歧视所得到的关注比女性歧视更少,指出了消除传统女性特权的必要性。
  诚然,与女权主义浪潮相比,男性权利运动仍处于起步阶段。然而,世界上有许多男性权利组织在推崇男性和女性之间的平等。在美国,自由男性联盟公司成立于1977年,其思想基础是男性需要一个统一的声音来呼吁解决男人和男孩所面临的问题。在英国 ,名为“英国男权运动”的男性权利组织起步于20世纪90年代。
  Having said this, a father right movement, a branch of men right movement, is considered a relatively success. They concern about the gender bias in family law which leads to the custody decisions in favor of mothers. Therefore, their primary focus is to lobby for formal legal rights for fathers and to campaign for changes to family law related to child custody and support. Fathers’ rights groups also provide psychological, legal and practical supports for members during separation and divorce.
  For example, on 22 May 2006, Australia passed the "Family Law Amendment (Shared Parental Responsibility) Act 2006" requires courts to consider an order that the child spend equal amounts of time with each parent under certain circumstances both parents should be responsible for decisions about their child.
  值得一提的是,父亲权利运动作为男性权利运动的一个分支,取得了较显著的成功。他们关切导致母亲更容易获得监护权的家庭法中的性别偏见。他们的工作重点是保障父亲的合法权利和促成修改有关儿童监护和抚养的家庭法。父亲权利团体还为成员提供分居和离婚期间的心理、法律和物质支持。
  例如,2006年5月22日,澳大利亚通过了“家庭法修订法案2006(父母共同权利)”,要求法庭考虑判决儿童与父母双方相处等量的时间,父母双方应共同肩负起孩子的抚养权。
  In Israel, fathers' rights activists appealed to the United Nations against divorce laws and family court policies, in particular the Tender Years' Clause of Israeli law, which they see a discrimination against fathers. The law automatically granted custody of children aged six and under to the mother. It resulted in a UN condemnation of Israel for discrimination against divorced fathers. Following the UN hearing, several Israeli fathers filed civil lawsuits alleging human rights violations. On January 19, 2012, the Tender Years' Clause was abolished after Justice.   In Dutch, Dutch Father Knowledge Centre Foundation together with other equal parenting right groups addressed the Dutch Parliament with a Joint Manifesto and required the parliament to legislate for an equal parenting presumption in Dutch family law in May 2007. As a result, Dutch family law change was changed in 2009. A 'Right for children to be cared for and raised by both their parents equally' was introduced with a majority support in the parliament.
  在以色列,父亲权利运动提请联合国干预离婚法案和家庭法院的政策,特别是以色列法律中的关于幼儿的条款。他们认为该条款具有歧视男性的特点。它将年龄不到6岁的儿童的监护权自动归于母亲所有。联合国谴责了以色列法律中对离异父亲的歧视。在联合国听证会后,几名以色列父亲于2012年1月19日就侵犯人权的行为提起民事诉讼。2012年1月19日,有关幼儿的法条经审判后被废除。
  在荷兰,荷兰父亲知识中心基金会与其他诉求平等养育权的组织一同在荷兰国会发表联合宣言,要求国会于2007年5月在荷兰家庭法的框架下就平等的养育权进行立法。这一改变于2009年得以实现。孩子由双方父母平等抚养的权利获得了国会内大多数人的支持。
  The progression of father’s right movement in many countries gives a lot of encouragements to men’s rights activists. "The men's equality movement has gained confidence from the father's rights movement because it showed that, if there was a clear case to be made, then people would listen," said a men's equality campaigner. Just as the slow progress of women’s rights movement in the 18th and 19th centuries, achieving the equal right to men in many aspects of society will take time to flourish.
  父亲权利运动在许多国家取得的成功激励了男性权利运动的发展。一位男性平等运动者说:“男性平等运动从父亲权利运动中获得了信心,因为它表明只要讲清道理,人们是通情达理的。”就像女权运动在18和19世纪缓慢发展一样,实现男性在社会更多方面享受平等权利仍需要更多时间。
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