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收入分配不平等是中国在中等收入阶段面临的重大问题,作为员工利益代表的工会应该在初次收入分配中发挥更重要的作用。本文使用一套在上海市闵行区制造业调查的“企业-员工”匹配数据,以明瑟工资方程为基础,采用OLS(最小二乘法)方法进行分析。研究结果显示,工会能够显著提高其覆盖员工的小时工资,但对周工资和月工资影响不明显,这是因为工会覆盖企业的员工人力资本水平高,且在工作时间等方面严格执行法律规定。在判断工会发挥作用的范围上,文章比较了三个不同的代表工会化的变量,即全总口径的企业认可、西方口径的员工认同和新口径的员工认知。比较结果显示,有的企业工会没有起到保护工人权益的作用;而有的发挥作用的工会,虽然其效果覆盖了整个企业,但员工认同程度偏低。为了进一步发挥工会维护工人权益的作用,全总应该注重对农民工、女性劳动者等劳动力市场竞争弱势群体的保护,并通过区域性、行业性的集体合同扩大集体协商的作用范围。
Unequal income distribution is a major issue that China faces in the middle-income stage. Trade unions, which represent the interests of their employees, should play a more important role in the initial income distribution. This paper uses a set of “firm-staff” matching data from manufacturing survey in Minhang District, Shanghai. Based on the Mingseth wage equation, this paper uses OLS (least squares method) to analyze. The results show that unions can significantly increase their hourly rates for employees but have no obvious effect on weekly rates and monthly wages. This is because the workers’ unions covered by the unions have high levels of human capital and strictly enforce the law in working hours. In judging the extent to which trade unions play a role, the article compares three different variables representing unionization: corporate approval of the total portfolio, employee recognition of the Western sector and employee recognition of the new caliber. The comparison shows that some trade unions do not play a role in protecting the rights and interests of workers. Some unions that have played a role, though their effectiveness has covered the entire enterprise, have a low level of employee acceptance. In order to further exert the role of trade unions in safeguarding workers’ rights and interests, the entire government should pay more attention to the protection of vulnerable groups in the labor market, such as migrant workers and female laborers, and expand the scope of collective bargaining through regional and industrial collective contracts.