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发展科学,必须掌握科学本身发展的趋势和规律。地理学是一门具有悠久历史的古老科学,也是一门很年青的基础科学。它同天文学、数学、力学等一起从古代就已经产生。都是人类在认识、利用、改造自然界的实践中产生的,并随着生产斗争和科学实验的发展而得到不断丰富和发展的。但在漫长的历史时期,地理学曾是专门记述山川、物产、城市、交通及人口的一门描述性的“统一地理学”。直到十九世纪,地理科学的研究才由记述方面转移到探讨自然规律为生产服务的方向,人们称为近代的地理学。二十世纪——特别是近几十年来,近代地理学有了新的、质的发展。近代地理学包含着属于自然科学范畴的自然地理学和属于社会科学范畴的经济地理学。前者从事于地理圈中各种自然现象、运动过程以及利用、改造自然的研究,一般分为普通自然地理学、区域自然地理学以及部门自然地理学(如气候学、土壤地理、植物地理等)。后者从事于人类社会在各个国家或区域的经济部门、生产布局、生产结构和经济特征的研究,一般分为普通经济地理学,区域经济地理学以及部门经济地理学(如工业地理、农业地理等)。近年来正在发
To develop science, we must master the trends and laws of the development of science itself. Geography is an ancient science with a long history. It is also a very basic science. It has been produced from ancient times together with astronomy, mathematics, mechanics, etc. They are all produced by human beings in the practice of recognizing, using, and transforming the natural world. They have been continuously enriched and developed along with the development of production struggle and scientific experiments. However, in the long historical period, geography was a descriptive “unified geography” that specifically described mountains, rivers, property, cities, transportation, and population. Until the nineteenth century, the study of geography science shifted from the description to the direction of the study of the law of nature as a service of production. People called modern geography. In the 20th century, especially in recent decades, modern geography has had new and qualitative development. Modern geography contains natural geography belonging to the category of natural sciences and economic geography belonging to the category of social sciences. The former is engaged in all kinds of natural phenomena and movement processes in the geographical circle, as well as the research on the use and transformation of nature, and is generally divided into general physical geography, regional physical geography, and departmental physical geography (eg, climatology, soil geography, plant geography, etc.) . The latter is engaged in the study of the economic sectors, production layout, production structure, and economic characteristics of human society in various countries or regions. It is generally divided into general economic geography, regional economic geography, and sectoral economic geography (eg, industrial geography, agricultural geography). Wait). In recent years