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许多复杂理论体系的实质与其方法论密不可分。马恩共识于“价值是对效用和劳动花费的衡量”,“价值”与“生产力”同义;但是,这种价值理论在《资本论》各卷中的展述却是按照“从抽象上升到具体”的方法,从抽象的“劳动价值论”出发,一步一步上升为“具体”的。细读之,可以发现,每向“具体”前进一步,都靠劳动价值论与某种突现使用价值决定性的理论相结合而完成,其理论实质是使劳动价值论被纳入唯物史观框架。其中包括,第二卷指出,一旦要具体考察社会总资本的流通,就不能只囿于劳动价值论,还要考虑社会规模的使用价值即社会效用,并依此建立了再生产理论;第三卷又进而指出,从总体上考察资本主义生产,更不能囿于第一卷对价值规律的抽象论述,而要充分理解:价值规律的进一步展开,包括了对社会规模的使用价值即社会效用决定意义的含纳,此即宏观的“效用/劳动价值论”。显然,从方法论层面看,马恩的价值理论不限于劳动价值论,它是由抽象劳动价值论上升为具体的宏观的“效用/劳动价值论”的理论体系。
The essence of many complex theoretical systems is inseparable from its methodology. Marx and Lennart agreed that “value is a measure of utility and labor costs,” and “value” is synonymous with “productivity.” However, this theory of value is presented in the volumes of “capitalism” in the light of “ To concrete ”approach, starting from the abstract“ labor theory of value ”, step by step up to“ concrete ”. If we look closely, we can see that each step forward toward “concrete” is accomplished through a combination of labor theory of value and certain emergent use value decisive theories. The theoretical essence of this is that labor theory of value is incorporated into the framework of materialism. Among them, the second volume states that once we have to examine in detail the circulation of total social capital, we can not only focus on the theory of labor value, but also consider the use value of social scale, that is, the social utility, and thus establish the theory of reproduction. The third volume Furthermore, we point out that we should not understand the abstract discussion of the law of value in the first volume but the further development of the law of value, including the value of the use of society, that is, the significance of social utility Inclusive, which is the macro “utility / labor theory of value.” Obviously, from a methodological level, Marx’s theory of value is not limited to labor theory of value. It is a theoretical system of “utility / labor theory of value” that ascends from abstract labor theory of value to concrete macroeconomics.