论文部分内容阅读
主语从句是英语语法学习中的难点，也是中学考察的重点。掌握好这种从句，关键是引导主语从句的连接词的选用、语序问题及主谓一致问题。
一、连接词的选用
引导主语从句的连接词很多，有连词：that, whether, if, as if, as though ;连接代词：what, who, whom, which, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever ;连接副词：when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever .连词只起连接作用，不充当句子成分，连接代词、连接副词在句中充当一定的句子成分。其中考查的重点是难于掌握且易混淆的几个连接词。现列举如下：
1.that
①It worried her a bit —— her hair wad turning gray .(NMET 92)
A. whileB. if C. that D. for
② —— is a fact that English is being accepted as aninternational language.(NMET 95)
A. ThereB. ThisC. That D. It
③ —— you don’ t like him is none of my business.(上海 1992)
A. whatB. who C. That D. whether
以上答案分别为：CDC
that引导主语从句时只起连接作用，它本身无具体含义，在从句中不充当任何句子成分。而且当它位于句首时多不能省略。此外，应注意that从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句移到句子的后面去（如例②）。中学常见it作形式主语的句型有：
It is + ad j. / n. + that从句
It is + p.p. (said, hoped, reported, known, believed etc.) + that从句
例：That he has gone abroad for further education is clear to us all. = It is clear to us all that he has gone abroad for further education.
我们都清楚他出国深造去了。
It is well known that paper was first made in China.
众所周知，纸是中国首先制造的。
再看2001年一道高考题：
—— is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. ItB. As C. ThatD. what
此题很多考生误选了A或C，其原因是没有注意到逗号的作用。句中逗号已表明该句不是主语从句，而是as引导的非限制定语从句。故答案为B。
2. what
① —— he said at the meeting astonished everybody present . (NMET 93)
A.WhatB. That C. The fact D. The matter
②After —— seemed a very long time, I opened my eyes and found myself in bed .
A. whatB. when C. that D. which
③ —— we can’t get seems better than —— we have .(NMET 96)
A. What, whatB. What, that C. That, that D. That, what
以上答案分别为：AAA
what引导主语从句时本身有词义，意为“所……的”，相当于“that thing that …, all that …, everything that …”等，在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语，不能省略。
例如：What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others .
对某些人好像很容易的事情，对别人可能很困难。（作主语）
What we can’ t get seems better than what we have .
我们不能获得的似乎比我们拥有的更好。（作宾语）
3．“疑问词＋ ever”构成的复合连接词不达意与“no matter ＋疑问词”引导从句
—— has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising . (99上海)
A. WhoB. The one C. Anyone D. Whoever
此题答案为D。
“疑问词＋ever”构成的复合连接词（however除外）既可以引导名词性从句（主从、表从、宾从、同位语从句），也可以引导让步状语从句，而“no matter＋疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。二者引导让步状语从句时可以互换，引导名词性从句时只能用“疑问词＋ever”形式。
4.whether与if
① —— we’ ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather . (NMET 96)
A. lf B. whether C. ThatD. where
② —— the 2000 OIympic camnes will be held in Beijing is not known yet.(NMET 96)
A. WheneverB. IfC. whetherD. That
以上答案分别为：BＣ
whether与if含义相同，意为“是否”，虽不担任句子成分，但不可省略。
（１）二者在动词后引导宾语从句时，常可互换。
（２）动词doubt用在疑问句和否定句中时，宾从的连接词用that而不用if或whether，用在肯定句中时，则用if或whether均可，但不能用that。
（３）在下列情况下，名词性从句用whether而不用if ：
a.介词后的宾从中b.主从和表从中c.动词不定式前d.动词discuss后的宾从中e.后面紧跟or not时f.由if引导的宾从容易产生歧义时
二、语序问题
主语从写句的语序为陈述语序。
例如：When they will start hasn’t been decided.
他们什么时候开始还没决定。
How he managed to finish this composition in such a short time is a mystery .
他如何在这么短的时间内完成这篇作文还是个谜。
三、主谓一致问题
主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。但what引导从句时，要根据意义一致的原则来决定谓语动词的数。
例如：
What was once regarded as impossible has come true .
以前被认为不可能的事已变成了现实。
Whoever told you to give up smoking was quite true .
不论谁告诉你戒烟都是对的。
Whether you like him is none of my business .
你是否喜欢他与我无关。
What we need are more good reading materials.
我们需要的是更多的好的阅读材料。
What we need is more time .
我们需要的是更多的时间。
（作者单位：063609河北省乐亭县庞各庄初中)
一、连接词的选用
引导主语从句的连接词很多，有连词：that, whether, if, as if, as though ;连接代词：what, who, whom, which, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever ;连接副词：when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever .连词只起连接作用，不充当句子成分，连接代词、连接副词在句中充当一定的句子成分。其中考查的重点是难于掌握且易混淆的几个连接词。现列举如下：
1.that
①It worried her a bit —— her hair wad turning gray .(NMET 92)
A. whileB. if C. that D. for
② —— is a fact that English is being accepted as aninternational language.(NMET 95)
A. ThereB. ThisC. That D. It
③ —— you don’ t like him is none of my business.(上海 1992)
A. whatB. who C. That D. whether
以上答案分别为：CDC
that引导主语从句时只起连接作用，它本身无具体含义，在从句中不充当任何句子成分。而且当它位于句首时多不能省略。此外，应注意that从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句移到句子的后面去（如例②）。中学常见it作形式主语的句型有：
It is + ad j. / n. + that从句
It is + p.p. (said, hoped, reported, known, believed etc.) + that从句
例：That he has gone abroad for further education is clear to us all. = It is clear to us all that he has gone abroad for further education.
我们都清楚他出国深造去了。
It is well known that paper was first made in China.
众所周知，纸是中国首先制造的。
再看2001年一道高考题：
—— is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. ItB. As C. ThatD. what
此题很多考生误选了A或C，其原因是没有注意到逗号的作用。句中逗号已表明该句不是主语从句，而是as引导的非限制定语从句。故答案为B。
2. what
① —— he said at the meeting astonished everybody present . (NMET 93)
A.WhatB. That C. The fact D. The matter
②After —— seemed a very long time, I opened my eyes and found myself in bed .
A. whatB. when C. that D. which
③ —— we can’t get seems better than —— we have .(NMET 96)
A. What, whatB. What, that C. That, that D. That, what
以上答案分别为：AAA
what引导主语从句时本身有词义，意为“所……的”，相当于“that thing that …, all that …, everything that …”等，在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语，不能省略。
例如：What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others .
对某些人好像很容易的事情，对别人可能很困难。（作主语）
What we can’ t get seems better than what we have .
我们不能获得的似乎比我们拥有的更好。（作宾语）
3．“疑问词＋ ever”构成的复合连接词不达意与“no matter ＋疑问词”引导从句
—— has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising . (99上海)
A. WhoB. The one C. Anyone D. Whoever
此题答案为D。
“疑问词＋ever”构成的复合连接词（however除外）既可以引导名词性从句（主从、表从、宾从、同位语从句），也可以引导让步状语从句，而“no matter＋疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。二者引导让步状语从句时可以互换，引导名词性从句时只能用“疑问词＋ever”形式。
4.whether与if
① —— we’ ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather . (NMET 96)
A. lf B. whether C. ThatD. where
② —— the 2000 OIympic camnes will be held in Beijing is not known yet.(NMET 96)
A. WheneverB. IfC. whetherD. That
以上答案分别为：BＣ
whether与if含义相同，意为“是否”，虽不担任句子成分，但不可省略。
（１）二者在动词后引导宾语从句时，常可互换。
（２）动词doubt用在疑问句和否定句中时，宾从的连接词用that而不用if或whether，用在肯定句中时，则用if或whether均可，但不能用that。
（３）在下列情况下，名词性从句用whether而不用if ：
a.介词后的宾从中b.主从和表从中c.动词不定式前d.动词discuss后的宾从中e.后面紧跟or not时f.由if引导的宾从容易产生歧义时
二、语序问题
主语从写句的语序为陈述语序。
例如：When they will start hasn’t been decided.
他们什么时候开始还没决定。
How he managed to finish this composition in such a short time is a mystery .
他如何在这么短的时间内完成这篇作文还是个谜。
三、主谓一致问题
主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。但what引导从句时，要根据意义一致的原则来决定谓语动词的数。
例如：
What was once regarded as impossible has come true .
以前被认为不可能的事已变成了现实。
Whoever told you to give up smoking was quite true .
不论谁告诉你戒烟都是对的。
Whether you like him is none of my business .
你是否喜欢他与我无关。
What we need are more good reading materials.
我们需要的是更多的好的阅读材料。
What we need is more time .
我们需要的是更多的时间。
（作者单位：063609河北省乐亭县庞各庄初中)