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近年来,马克思主义与自由主义之间的政治哲学论争如火如荼,然而“何谓自由主义”这个基本的辨析却被相对忽略。事实上,自由主义无论就其起源、所指以及代表人物而言都是歧义重重,亟须澄清。纵向而言,它可依其视阈和主题的重心转换而被划分为三个阶段;横断面上,它在其历史流变中贯穿着英国谱系与法国谱系、经验传统与理性传统的纠葛;与此同时,它又始终以对个人自由等的承诺作为内核的基本要素。马克思本人对自由主义的综合的理解和辩证的批判提醒我们,对自由主义既要避免以偏概全、盲人摸象的粗疏,又要始终坚持一种总体的扬弃立场。
In recent years, the political philosophy debate between Marxism and liberalism is in full swing. However, the basic definition of “what is liberalism” is relatively ignored. In fact, liberalism is ambiguous both in terms of its origin, its meaning and its representativeness, and it needs to be clarified urgently. Longitudinally, it can be divided into three stages according to its visual threshold and the subject’s center of gravity. In cross-section, it runs through the historical evolution of British pedigree and French pedigree, inextricably entwined with traditional tradition and rational tradition. At the same time, it has always taken the promise of personal liberty as an essential element of the kernel. Marx’s comprehensive understanding of her liberalism and dialectical criticism remind us that it is necessary for liberalism not only to avoid being overly general but to blindly evaluate the elephant and to insist on an overall sublation position.