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AIM:To assess whether glutamate plays a similar role to glutamine in preserving gut wall integrity.METHODS:The effects of glutamine and glutamate on induced hyperpermeability in intestinal cell lines were studied.Paracellular hyperpermeability was induced in Caco2.BBE and HT-29CL.19A cell lines by adding phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate(PDB) apically,after which the effects of glutamine and glutamate on horseradish peroxidase(HRP) diffusion were studied.An inhibitor of glutamate transport(L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid:trans-PDC) and an irreversible blocker(acivicin) of the extracellular glutamine to glutamate converting enzyme,γ-glutamyltransferase,were used.RESULTS:Apical to basolateral HRP flux increased significantly compared to controls not exposed to PDB (n=30,P<0.001).Glutamine application reduced hyperpermeability by 19%and 39%in the respective cell lines.Glutamate application reduced hyperpermeability by 30%and 20%,respectively.Incubation of HT29CL.19A cells with acivicin and subsequent PDB and glutamine addition increased permeability levels.Incubation of Caco2.BBE cells with trans-PDC followed by PDB and glutamate addition also resulted in high permeability levels.CONCLUSION:Apical glutamate-similar to glutaminecan decrease induced paracellular hyperpermeability.Extracellular conversion of glutamine to glutamate and subsequent uptake of glutamate could be a pivotal step in the mechanism underlying the protective effect of glutamine.
AIM: To assess whether glutamate plays a similar role to glutamine in preserving gut wall integrity. METHODS: The effects of glutamine and glutamate on induced hyperpermeability in intestinal cell lines were studied. Paracellular hyperpermeability was induced in Caco2.BBE and HT-29CL. 19A cell lines by adding phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDB) apically, after which the effects of glutamine and glutamate on horseradish peroxidase (HRP) diffusion were studied. An inhibitor of glutamate transport (L-trans-pyrrolidine- dicarboxylic acid: trans-PDC) and an irreversible blocker (acivicin) of the extracellular glutamine to glutamate converting enzyme, γ-glutamyltransferase, were used .RESULTS: Apical to basolateral HRP flux increased significantly compared to controls not exposed to PDB (n = 30 , P <0.001). Glutamine application reduced hyperpermeability by 19% and 39% in the respective cell lines. Glutamate application reduced hyperpermeability by 30% and 20%, respectively. Association of HT29CL.19A cells with acivicin and subsequent PDB and glutamine additionally increased permeability levels. Caco2.BBE cells with trans-PDC followed by PDB and glutamate addition also resulted in high permeability levels. CONCLUSION: Apical glutamate-similar to glutaminecan decrease induced paracellular hyperpermeability. Extracellular conversion of glutamine to glutamate and subsequent uptake of glutamate could be a pivotal step in the mechanism underlying the protective effect of glutamine.