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BOT 项目的成功既依赖于合同框架也离不开行之有效的风险管理。各个合同法律上既相互独立、又在事实上紧密联系——相互依赖,相互补充并相互影响,他们构成了纷繁复杂的合同之网或合同之树。其中,特许协议作为“伞合同”具有特殊的地位和重要的作用:其首要任务就是授予特许权,并规定特许人与被特许人各自承担的权利义务,这是项目能够开展实施的前提条件;二是为其他合同法律关系作原则性规定,使得所有合同能聚集在一个合同法律框架内为同一个目标服务;三是规定国家或政府作为特许权人的支持、鼓励和担保条件,这是项目最终成功的有力保证。风险划分要求最有能力控制某一种风险的项目参与人承担相应的风险责任,而由各参与人对于其承担的风险采取有效的风险管理措施,这样可以尽可能防止风险发生或减少风险造成的损失。对于时间长、规模大、投资巨、关系复杂的 BOT 项目而言,如何及时有效地解决项目实施过程中出现的大小争端显得尤为重要。正因为 BOT 项目实际存在的事实联系,有学者提出了多方仲裁程序,并坚持认为该程序可以避免出现不一致判决以及使仲裁程序更为经济等优点。但这些理论上的所谓优点不仅不一定能够实现,而且其适用条件极难满足,又因欠缺具体仲裁规则致使该程序的实施不具备现实的可操作性,此外还有客观存在的承认和执行方面的风险,这些都使得该程序即便勉强应用后对胜诉方也有可能形同一纸空文,而不具有实际意义。因而可以肯定的是,多方仲裁程序至少在现阶段还处于尚未成熟的理论阶段。
The success of a BOT project relies not only on the contractual framework but also on proven risk management. Contracts are legally separate and factually intimately connected - interdependent, mutually reinforcing and mutually influencing, and they form the network of numerous contracts or the tree of contracts. Among them, the concession agreement as a “umbrella contract ” has a special status and important role: its primary task is to grant concessions, and the franchisee and the franchisee to assume their respective rights and obligations, which is the premise of the project can be implemented Conditions; the other is the legal relationship between the contract for the principle of the provisions of the contract so that all can be gathered in a contract within the legal framework for the same goal; third is the state or government as a concessionaire support, encourage and guarantee conditions, which It is a powerful guarantee for the ultimate success of the project. Risk allocation requires project participants who are most capable of controlling a particular risk to assume corresponding risk responsibility and each participant takes effective risk management measures for the risks it assumes so as to prevent as much as possible risks from occurring or reduce risks loss. For a long time, large scale, huge investment, complex relationship between the BOT project, how to promptly and effectively solve the project implementation process of the size of the dispute is particularly important. It is precisely because of the factual linkages of BOT projects that some scholars have proposed multi-party arbitration procedures and insisted that the procedure can avoid inconsistent judgments and make arbitration more economical. However, these so-called theoretical advantages not only can not be realized, but also their conditions of application are extremely difficult to meet. In addition, due to the lack of specific arbitration rules, the implementation of the procedure does not have realistic operability. In addition, there are objective recognition and enforcement aspects These risks make it impossible for the proceedings to be identical to the plaintiff even after a barely applied application, without any real meaning. It is therefore certain that multi-party arbitration proceedings are still at an immature theoretical stage, at least at this stage.