论文部分内容阅读
近几年的江苏高考英语考纲对高考阅读理解题有着明确的要求：要求考生读懂简易的英语文学作品、科普文章、公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。
何谓一般性话题的简短文章？
笔者以为，考纲中所提到的一般性话题的简短文章，实际上就是反映现实生活中的常见及世人所关注的人或事。 仅以近几年的江苏的高考考卷为例，其阅读理解文章就涉及到：科技与科技知识（2011江苏A（生活中的小发明）），社会热点—低碳节能（2011江苏C（风能），2008江苏B 太阳能），民生问题（2010江苏C（海关纳税）、D(高铁)2009江苏C（乘车指南））等等，并以多种文体的形式（如说明文、应用文等形式）来检查和考核学生的阅读和理解的能力。
仅以2011江苏C为例：
文章概述: 该篇是一篇科普类的说明文，详细介绍了大型风力涡轮发电机。这是一全新的技术，引发当前最受世人关注的话题——低碳——新能源——及其可持续性发展。
这样的命题，体现了时代的潮流，又紧随时代步伐，且话题新颖，信息量足，引人注目。
According to the US government, wind farms off the Pacific coast could produce 900 gigwatts of electricity every year. Unfortunately, the water there is far too deep for even the tallest windmills (see picture) to touch bottom. An experiment under way off the coast of Norway, however, could help put them anywhere.
The project, called Hywind, is the world’s first largescale deepwater wind turbine(涡轮发电机). Although it uses a fairly standard 152ton, 2.3megawatt turbine, Hywind represents totally new technology. The turbine will be fixed 213 feet above the water on a floating spar (see picture), a technology Hywind’s creator, the Norwegian company StatoilHydro, has developed recently. The steel spar, which is filled with stones and goes 328 feet below the sea surface, will be tied to the ocean floor by three cable (缆索)；these will keep the spar stable and prevent the turbine from moving up and down in the waves. Hywind’s stability (稳定性) in the cold and rough sea would prove that even the deepest corners of the ocean are suitable for wind power. If all goes according to plan, the turbine will start producing electricity six miles off the coast of southwestern Norway as early as September.
To produce electricity on a large scale, a commercial wind farm will have to use bigger turbines than Hywind does, but it’s difficult enough to balance such a large turbine so high on a floating spar in the middle of the ocean. To make that turbine heavier, the whole spar’s to design a new kind of wind turbine, one whose gearbox(变速箱) sits at sea level rather than behind the blades (see picture )
Hywind is a test run, but the benefits for perfecting floating windfarm technology could be extremely large. Out at sea, the wind is often stronger and steadier than close to shore, where all existing offshore windmills are planted. Deepsea farms are invisible from land, which helps overcome the windmillaseyesore objection. If the technology catches on, it will open up vast areas of the planet’s surface to one of the best lowcarbon power sources available.
63. The Hywind project uses totally new technology to ensure the stability of_______
A. the cables which tie the spar to the ocean floor
B. the spar which is floating in deepsea water
C. the blades driven by strong and steady sea wind
D. the stones filled in the spar below the sea surface
不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
64. To balance a bigger turbine high on a flatting spar, a new type of turbine is to be designed with its gearbox sitting_______
A. on the sea floor B. on the spar top
C. at sea level D. behind the blades
65. Wide applications of deepwater wind power technology can_______
A. solve the technical problems of deepwater windmills
B. make financial profits by producing more turbines
C. settle the arguments about environmental problems
D. explore lowcarbon power resources available at sea
答案简析与解题后的思考:
63. B 该题为细节题。 题干中的关键词为（new technology to）ensure the stability, 根据题意，在原文第二段倒数第二句 “Hywind’s stability in the cold and rough sea would prove that even the deepest corners of the ocean are suitable for wind power” 可得出答案为B。
64. C 该题为细节题。 题干中的关键词为design, 根据关键词，查找定位到原文第三段最后…，one whose gearbox (变速箱) sits at sea level rather than behind the blades 而得出答案为C。
65. D 该题为推断题 题干中的关键词为Wide applications of… can，从文章的最后一句，可以推断出这项目的成功运行将会促进低碳能源的开发与利用。
本文的阅读，采用了跳读Scanning的方法。
跳读，是以寻找某一特定信息为目的的一种阅读方法，是指在阅读中，有意识地跳过一些无关紧要的句段或篇章而抓住文章的关键性材料的速读方法。跳读不仅是为了提高阅读速度，还可使读者更深刻的理解其内容，舍弃非本质的东西，捕捉本质信息，形成新的思维流程从而提高阅读效率。
跳读时，其关键是要找准题干中的关键词，然后带关键词到原文定位、寻找答案。段落中与关键词无关部分可以略去不读或不细读。
我们在阅读上文时，就发现文章中对如何使涡轮发电机提高它的稳固性作了比较详尽的介绍，但该文后的三个考题中对其根本没有提及到，故我们在阅读时对此可以忽略甚至不读。
怎样运用跳读
跳读的基础是要找准关键词。我以为，关键词是指与特定主题相关的词或短语。关键词可以是题干中的某一个词，如名词、某些专有的名词；或一个短语，如动词短语、非谓语动词短语等，并在原文中能找到与其相对应的部分，快速浏览，来获取有用信息。
有时，还可以以标题，小标题，黑体字等为主要阅读对象。这些都是作者要求读者留心的地方，往往是全书，全章，全节的主题和中心所在；可以利用关键词语跳读；也可以首尾句跳读，特别是一些科普说明文，只读每个自然段的第一句或最末一句，或是第一句和最末一句。每小段的首句往往是提纲挈领的一句话，末句是承上启下的一句话，中间则是补充，推理，举例等。
以理解为目的，阅读的方法可以多样，也是次要的。
最后，笔者还以为，老师和同学在复习时，切要以课本为本， 深度挖掘课本话题的内涵和外延意义， 可有目的结合教材的话题，选编相关社会生活类的文章供学生选读。与此同时笔者向大家推荐杂志《高考进行时》，这是一本不可多得的好刊物，它的“新语境”栏目给我们提供了不少很好的阅读时文，并附有习题和答案与解析，值得一读。笔者也奉劝大家，作为要参加高考的学生切莫只顾读书，在读书的同时，还要关心社会，关心生活，关心身边的事。
【巩固练习】（可试用跳读法阅读下列短文）
The Cost of Higher Education
Individuals (个人) should pay for their higher education.
A university education is of huge and direct benefit to the individual. Graduates earn more than nongraduates. Meanwhile, social mobility is ever more dependent on having a degree. However, only some people have it. So the individual, not the taxpayers, should pay for it. There are pressing calls on the resources(资源) of the government. Using taxpayers’ money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them.
Full government funding(资助) is not very good for universities. Adam Smith worked in a Scottish university whose teachers lived off student fees. He knew and looked down upon 18thcentury Oxford, where the academics lived comfortably off the income received from the government. Guaranteed salaries, Smith argued, were the enemy of hard work; and when the academics were lazy and incompetent, the students were similarly lazy.
If students have to pay for their education, they not only work harder, but also demand more from their teachers. And their teachers have to keep them satisfied. If that means taking teaching seriously, and giving less time to their own research interests, that is surely something to celebrate.
Many people believe that higher education should be free because it is good for the economy(经济). Many graduates clearly do contribute to national wealth, but so do all the businesses that invest(投资) and create jobs. If you believe that the government should pay for higher education because graduates are economically productive, you should also believe that the government should pay part of business costs. Anyone promising to create jobs should receive a gift of capital from the government to invest.
Therefore, it is the individual, not the government, who should pay for their university education.
1. The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2 refers to_______
A. taxpayers B. pressing calls
C. college graduates D. government resources
2. The author thinks that with full government funding_______
A. teachers are less satisfied
B. students are more demanding
C. students will become more competent
D. teachers will spend less time on teaching
3. The author mentions businesses in Paragraph 5 in order to_______
A. argue against free university education
B. call on them to finance students’ studies
C. encourage graduates to go into business
D. show their contribution to higher education
【答案与解析】
1. B 该题为推断题。以关键词them定位， 从There are pressing calls on the resources (资源) of the government. Using taxpayers’ money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them.往前看，发现前句就一个复数名词。
2. D 该题为细节题。关键词“full government funding”查找定位原文，Full government funding(资助) is not very good for universities… and when the academics were lazy and incompetent, the students were similarly lazy. 从“lazy”，可知“teachers will spend less time on teaching”。
3. A 该题为推断题。问business的目的，段首找论点：Many people believe that higher education should be free… 作者就是要反对free higher education.
（作者，杨定生，南京四中）
南京 杨定生 （原工作单位：南京四中 邮编：210029 ）
通讯地址： 南京市鼓楼区育才公寓66—602 邮编： 210036
邮箱：jsnjyds@126.com tel： 15358198810
何谓一般性话题的简短文章？
笔者以为，考纲中所提到的一般性话题的简短文章，实际上就是反映现实生活中的常见及世人所关注的人或事。 仅以近几年的江苏的高考考卷为例，其阅读理解文章就涉及到：科技与科技知识（2011江苏A（生活中的小发明）），社会热点—低碳节能（2011江苏C（风能），2008江苏B 太阳能），民生问题（2010江苏C（海关纳税）、D(高铁)2009江苏C（乘车指南））等等，并以多种文体的形式（如说明文、应用文等形式）来检查和考核学生的阅读和理解的能力。
仅以2011江苏C为例：
文章概述: 该篇是一篇科普类的说明文，详细介绍了大型风力涡轮发电机。这是一全新的技术，引发当前最受世人关注的话题——低碳——新能源——及其可持续性发展。
这样的命题，体现了时代的潮流，又紧随时代步伐，且话题新颖，信息量足，引人注目。
According to the US government, wind farms off the Pacific coast could produce 900 gigwatts of electricity every year. Unfortunately, the water there is far too deep for even the tallest windmills (see picture) to touch bottom. An experiment under way off the coast of Norway, however, could help put them anywhere.
The project, called Hywind, is the world’s first largescale deepwater wind turbine(涡轮发电机). Although it uses a fairly standard 152ton, 2.3megawatt turbine, Hywind represents totally new technology. The turbine will be fixed 213 feet above the water on a floating spar (see picture), a technology Hywind’s creator, the Norwegian company StatoilHydro, has developed recently. The steel spar, which is filled with stones and goes 328 feet below the sea surface, will be tied to the ocean floor by three cable (缆索)；these will keep the spar stable and prevent the turbine from moving up and down in the waves. Hywind’s stability (稳定性) in the cold and rough sea would prove that even the deepest corners of the ocean are suitable for wind power. If all goes according to plan, the turbine will start producing electricity six miles off the coast of southwestern Norway as early as September.
To produce electricity on a large scale, a commercial wind farm will have to use bigger turbines than Hywind does, but it’s difficult enough to balance such a large turbine so high on a floating spar in the middle of the ocean. To make that turbine heavier, the whole spar’s to design a new kind of wind turbine, one whose gearbox(变速箱) sits at sea level rather than behind the blades (see picture )
Hywind is a test run, but the benefits for perfecting floating windfarm technology could be extremely large. Out at sea, the wind is often stronger and steadier than close to shore, where all existing offshore windmills are planted. Deepsea farms are invisible from land, which helps overcome the windmillaseyesore objection. If the technology catches on, it will open up vast areas of the planet’s surface to one of the best lowcarbon power sources available.
63. The Hywind project uses totally new technology to ensure the stability of_______
A. the cables which tie the spar to the ocean floor
B. the spar which is floating in deepsea water
C. the blades driven by strong and steady sea wind
D. the stones filled in the spar below the sea surface
不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
64. To balance a bigger turbine high on a flatting spar, a new type of turbine is to be designed with its gearbox sitting_______
A. on the sea floor B. on the spar top
C. at sea level D. behind the blades
65. Wide applications of deepwater wind power technology can_______
A. solve the technical problems of deepwater windmills
B. make financial profits by producing more turbines
C. settle the arguments about environmental problems
D. explore lowcarbon power resources available at sea
答案简析与解题后的思考:
63. B 该题为细节题。 题干中的关键词为（new technology to）ensure the stability, 根据题意，在原文第二段倒数第二句 “Hywind’s stability in the cold and rough sea would prove that even the deepest corners of the ocean are suitable for wind power” 可得出答案为B。
64. C 该题为细节题。 题干中的关键词为design, 根据关键词，查找定位到原文第三段最后…，one whose gearbox (变速箱) sits at sea level rather than behind the blades 而得出答案为C。
65. D 该题为推断题 题干中的关键词为Wide applications of… can，从文章的最后一句，可以推断出这项目的成功运行将会促进低碳能源的开发与利用。
本文的阅读，采用了跳读Scanning的方法。
跳读，是以寻找某一特定信息为目的的一种阅读方法，是指在阅读中，有意识地跳过一些无关紧要的句段或篇章而抓住文章的关键性材料的速读方法。跳读不仅是为了提高阅读速度，还可使读者更深刻的理解其内容，舍弃非本质的东西，捕捉本质信息，形成新的思维流程从而提高阅读效率。
跳读时，其关键是要找准题干中的关键词，然后带关键词到原文定位、寻找答案。段落中与关键词无关部分可以略去不读或不细读。
我们在阅读上文时，就发现文章中对如何使涡轮发电机提高它的稳固性作了比较详尽的介绍，但该文后的三个考题中对其根本没有提及到，故我们在阅读时对此可以忽略甚至不读。
怎样运用跳读
跳读的基础是要找准关键词。我以为，关键词是指与特定主题相关的词或短语。关键词可以是题干中的某一个词，如名词、某些专有的名词；或一个短语，如动词短语、非谓语动词短语等，并在原文中能找到与其相对应的部分，快速浏览，来获取有用信息。
有时，还可以以标题，小标题，黑体字等为主要阅读对象。这些都是作者要求读者留心的地方，往往是全书，全章，全节的主题和中心所在；可以利用关键词语跳读；也可以首尾句跳读，特别是一些科普说明文，只读每个自然段的第一句或最末一句，或是第一句和最末一句。每小段的首句往往是提纲挈领的一句话，末句是承上启下的一句话，中间则是补充，推理，举例等。
以理解为目的，阅读的方法可以多样，也是次要的。
最后，笔者还以为，老师和同学在复习时，切要以课本为本， 深度挖掘课本话题的内涵和外延意义， 可有目的结合教材的话题，选编相关社会生活类的文章供学生选读。与此同时笔者向大家推荐杂志《高考进行时》，这是一本不可多得的好刊物，它的“新语境”栏目给我们提供了不少很好的阅读时文，并附有习题和答案与解析，值得一读。笔者也奉劝大家，作为要参加高考的学生切莫只顾读书，在读书的同时，还要关心社会，关心生活，关心身边的事。
【巩固练习】（可试用跳读法阅读下列短文）
The Cost of Higher Education
Individuals (个人) should pay for their higher education.
A university education is of huge and direct benefit to the individual. Graduates earn more than nongraduates. Meanwhile, social mobility is ever more dependent on having a degree. However, only some people have it. So the individual, not the taxpayers, should pay for it. There are pressing calls on the resources(资源) of the government. Using taxpayers’ money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them.
Full government funding(资助) is not very good for universities. Adam Smith worked in a Scottish university whose teachers lived off student fees. He knew and looked down upon 18thcentury Oxford, where the academics lived comfortably off the income received from the government. Guaranteed salaries, Smith argued, were the enemy of hard work; and when the academics were lazy and incompetent, the students were similarly lazy.
If students have to pay for their education, they not only work harder, but also demand more from their teachers. And their teachers have to keep them satisfied. If that means taking teaching seriously, and giving less time to their own research interests, that is surely something to celebrate.
Many people believe that higher education should be free because it is good for the economy(经济). Many graduates clearly do contribute to national wealth, but so do all the businesses that invest(投资) and create jobs. If you believe that the government should pay for higher education because graduates are economically productive, you should also believe that the government should pay part of business costs. Anyone promising to create jobs should receive a gift of capital from the government to invest.
Therefore, it is the individual, not the government, who should pay for their university education.
1. The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2 refers to_______
A. taxpayers B. pressing calls
C. college graduates D. government resources
2. The author thinks that with full government funding_______
A. teachers are less satisfied
B. students are more demanding
C. students will become more competent
D. teachers will spend less time on teaching
3. The author mentions businesses in Paragraph 5 in order to_______
A. argue against free university education
B. call on them to finance students’ studies
C. encourage graduates to go into business
D. show their contribution to higher education
【答案与解析】
1. B 该题为推断题。以关键词them定位， 从There are pressing calls on the resources (资源) of the government. Using taxpayers’ money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them.往前看，发现前句就一个复数名词。
2. D 该题为细节题。关键词“full government funding”查找定位原文，Full government funding(资助) is not very good for universities… and when the academics were lazy and incompetent, the students were similarly lazy. 从“lazy”，可知“teachers will spend less time on teaching”。
3. A 该题为推断题。问business的目的，段首找论点：Many people believe that higher education should be free… 作者就是要反对free higher education.
（作者，杨定生，南京四中）
南京 杨定生 （原工作单位：南京四中 邮编：210029 ）
通讯地址： 南京市鼓楼区育才公寓66—602 邮编： 210036
邮箱：jsnjyds@126.com tel： 15358198810