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一八六一年改革前的農村公社 農村公社(或地區公社)出現在階級社會形成的過程中,而保留於階级社會內部,直到商品生產有力地發展足以使它毁滅为止。也就是说它是在私有制關係戰勝集體所有制而發生土地私有這一生產基本條件下出现的。这即表示氏族社會的終結。同時也就表示構成階級社會的一部分農業公社的開始。到這時農村公社的特徵首先是社會組織的血緣关系被切斷,其集團包括了非本氏族的人員。而社会集團的血緣結合這時則變成為地域結合了。其次即是耕地的公共所有逐漸過渡到土地私有。随着生產力的發展和社會经濟結構的改變,農村公社內容及其职能也隨之有所不同。在階级社會產生以前,土地、生產工具以及產品的分配都是通過公社來實現的。隨着生產不斷的向前
The Rural Commune Rural Commune (or Regional Commune) Before Reform in 1861 Appears in the Process of Formation of Class Society and Remains in Class Society until the Production of Commodities Has Developed Powerfully to Exterminate It. In other words, it emerged under the basic conditions of private ownership of land as a result of the triumph of private ownership over collective ownership. This means the end of the clan society. It also signifies the beginning of a farming commune that forms part of the class society. By this time, the characteristics of the rural commune were above all the cut off of the blood relationship of the social organization, and its group included non-Ben clan personnel. The combination of kinship of social groups then becomes a combination of areas. Followed by the public ownership of arable land gradually transition to private ownership of land. With the development of productive forces and the change of social and economic structure, the content and functions of rural communes will also be different. Before the emergence of a class society, the distribution of land, production tools, and products was achieved through communes. As production continues to move forward