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台州市2009学年第一学期高二期末英语考试后，很多学生对自己的英语成绩感到不满意，尤其是阅读理解题失分严重，很多学生说能看懂四篇阅读理解文章的大意，不过做起选择题时觉得模棱两可，这个选项也行，那个选项也对。本人与学生一起深入地分析了阅读部分，对命题教师的良苦用心深表感谢，因为这部分对我们的教学有不少的启示。通过对试题的分析，总结了学生阅读理解题失分主要存在以下两个方面的原因：
一、对细节的理解不到位
1. 不关注词汇在语境中语意的变化以及受母语的影响
一般来说，细节理解题往往要求学生在阅读后带着问题回归原文相关的句子或段落中去查找答案，这一点很容易做到。但是, 有些学生在理解过程中，却忽略了词在选项中所表达的意思和在文章中所表达的意思在含义方面的区别，将其混为一谈，结果导致选择错误。请看A篇文章及第42、43题（以下例题均保留原题号）：
Hi, Antonio,
I read your blog and guess what? Now I have a summer job with my neighbor moving their lawn and doing work around their house and I am getting paid. I do the same work at my house but the pay is better at the neighbor’s. Have a great summer, man!
Posted by: Jack
Dear Antonio,
My son is 15 and he has been begging for a summer job. Do you know of any place that hires children of that age?
Posted by: Vallery
Hi, Antonio,
I am 13 years old and trying to earn money to take a trip with my chorus to Hawaii. I am willing to do any work at any hour during the summer.
Posted by: Ashley Jordan
Hi, Antonio,
I am 19 years old, a college student and I am looking for a summer job. Does anyone know somewhere that is hiring? I have been looking for two weeks now.
Posted by: Erica Allen
Dear Antonio,
My daughter is working in the file room at the law firm I work for and I am very happy that we were able to get her on. My concern is that she wouldn’t have got the summer job if I had not “known” people. What about kids whose parents do not know someone?
Posted by: Tracy
Hi, Antonio,
I found my summer job on my own and my parents are so proud of me because I did it on my own. That is why the world needs teens who can take responsibility for themselves and grow into mature and wise adults. Can’t wait for your next blog. I enjoy your writing. You have a great point of view.
Posted by: Jeff
42. From the above posts we learn that______.
A. Vallery has been begging in streets over the summer
B. Jack gets paid for cutting and moving the lawn for his own family
C. Erica is quite experienced in finding parttime jobs
D. Ashley is willing to do any parttime job during his trip to Hawaii
43. What do we know about Tracy from her post?
A. She operates a law firm.
B. She helped her daughter become a lawyer.
C. She’s proud that she has got her daughter a job.
D. She hopes to know more people to help kids get jobs.
对于42题，很多学生选A, 而正确的选项是B，因为A 选项Vallery has been begging in streets over the summer中的beg意思是 ask for food, money, etc;而在阅读理解短文中的意思是ask in a serious way, 这二者不能混为一谈。不少学生见到相同的词就选，为此我们教师要提醒学生必须关注词汇在语境中语意的变化。
43题正确选项是C，而很多学生选D，因为原文中有“What about kids whose parents do not know someone?”其实这两者根本不构成因果关系，也就是说“What about kids whose parents do not know someone?”并不能说明“She hopes to know more people to help kids get jobs.”而学生不选C的原因是对proud一词没有正确的理解，他们说proud中文意思是“骄傲的，自以为了不起的”，是个贬义词,而其实proud英文意思是“feel pleased and satisfied about sth. that you have done or own”。可见学生可能因受到母语的影响，而做出错误的选择。因此我们英语教师授课时要尽量用英语解释英语。记得特级教师何小怡也曾经说过，英语教师应该具备用英语来解释单词词义的能力。
2.不能识别出替换了的句式结构
在阅读理解中，命题者利用一些近义词、句等来替换原文中的语言表述，从而考查学生的语言功底和领悟上下文的能力。学生只要具备一定的词汇量和理解上下文的能力，很容易就能确定答案。问题是，一些学生往往不能识别出这种替换了的句式结构，从而导致理解不畅。请看B篇中的47题：
47. By saying “It remains to be seen whether ...”(Paragraph 4), Jerry Bingham intends to express______.
A. his angerB. his doubt
C. his agreementD. his criticism
第47小题的正确选项应该是B，因为doubt 的英文释义是 feeling of uncertainty,而“It remains to be seen whether ...”也是表达疑虑的一种方式。为此，在日常教学中，我们教师要让学生练习用不同的句型句式来表达相同的意义， 比如:It is not satisfactory. 可以替换为 It is far from satisfactory.也可以训练学生用不同的形式表达同一功能意念项目。
3.不善于甄别貌似正确的选项
为数不少的学生在解答细节理解题时，有时觉得简单，就凭着印象和暂时的记忆作选择，不回归原文进行对照区别，或者即使回归原文也不仔细对比差别，就急于作选择，殊不知出题人恰恰利用了学生这一心理，专门设置一个与原文相近的选项，干扰学生解题，例如C篇文章及第52题：
“Young Japanese and Koreans can be good friends, but there are limits in some areas. We avoid political or historical topics,” said Hiroaki Ohmura, 24, a gradstudent in computer science at Tsukuba University. He was at Korea University in Seoul as an exchange student last year.
Before going to ROK in 2007, some students warned him that Korean society could exclude(排除，拒绝)him and it could be difficult to enter. “I took that advice with a grain of salt, since Koreans looked friendly on TV dramas and movies,” said Ohmura.
The undergraduates in his major were all polite to him. They helped him move into the dormitory, invited him to parties and taught him Korean.
But he did feel a distance between himself and other students. “Their society is very tight and so close that, as a foreigner, I couldn’t break into it. For instance, they invited me to computer games, but not to join the school’s football team. They like going shopping with me, but not to buy Japanese products. It was more or less embarrassing.”
But he soon found the proper balance. “Japanese fashions always seem the most trendy in Asia. In my opinion, Korean fashions come from ours, or at least they borrowed some elements（元素）, but I never expressed that opinion,” Ohmura said. “Instead, I liked to share the trendiest Japanese items with them, which made our talk easier.”
Even though he was only in ROK for a year, he wanted to change something.
“In my opinion, Chinese students got along better than us with Koreans. It might be because ROK and China have tighter relations historically and culturally,” he said. “I know some Koreans don’t have a good impression about the Japanese, but as a young man, we should not let the past disagreement affect us too much.”
52. The passage is mainly about______.
A. some tips for exchange students
B. the worry of an exchange student
C. what Korean society is like for foreigners
D. Hiroaki’s experience of crosscultural communication
第52题正确选项是D，但是不少学生选C，因为在这篇文章中，多次出现Korean,society,foreigner等词，所以学生做题时，看到选项C 中有那么多刚才读过的词，就毫不犹豫地选中了这个答案。另外，部分学生对D选项中的crosscultural communication不太理解而不敢选，这说明学生没有对选项进行逐一甄别。
4.不能摆脱思维定式的束缚
很多学生由于思维定式,导致在这次考试中出现理解错误，对此教师在讲解时，要引导学生回归原文，关注细节，加以注意。请看D篇文章及第54题：
Astronauts aboard the space station celebrated a space first on Wednesday by drinking water that had been recycled from their urine(尿), sweat and water got from air. They said “cheers” to NASA workers on the ground.
The urine recycling system is needed for astronaut stations on the moon and Mars. It also will save NASA money because it won’t have to ship up as much water to the station by space shuttle or cargo rocket. Besides, it’s important as the space station is about to expand from three people living on board to six.
The recycling system had been brought up to the space station last November, but it couldn’t be used until samples（样品） were tested back on earth. So when it came time to actually drink up, NASA made a big deal of it. The threeman crew stood holding their drinks and congratulated engineers in two NASA centers that worked on the system.
“This is something that had been the stuff of science fiction,” American astronaut Michael Barratt said before taking a small mouthful. “The taste is worth trying.”
The new system takes the combined urine of the crew from the toilet and moves it to a big tank, where the water is boiled off, and the vapor is collected. The rest of the urine is thrown away. Then the water vapor is mixed with water from air, and then it goes through filters (过滤器). When six crew members are aboard, it can make about six gallons from urine in about six hours.
“Some people may find the idea of drinking recycled urine distasteful, but it is also done on earth, but with a lot longer time between urine and the tap,” said Marybeth Edeen, the space station’s national lab manager.
The technology NASA developed for this system has already been used for quick water purification after the 2004 Asian tsunami.
54. Which is the RIGHT time order of the following events?
a. The samples of the recycled water were tested on earth.
b. Astronauts celebrated the space’s first making water from urine.
c. The recycling system was brought up to the space station.
d. The technology for the system was used to quickly purify water.
A. a, d, c, b B. a, c, b, d
C. d, a, c, b D. d, c, a, b
对第54题，有的学生回忆说，他们在解题时根据常识是这样理解这道题的：首先是水回收净化技术的发明，接着是试验水的样品，试验后再安装在空间站上，最后饮用，所以他们选择C。 而正确选项是D，由此可见学生没有去仔细阅读原文中“The recycling system had been brought up to the space station last November, but it couldn’t be used until samples（样品）were tested back on earth. So when it came time to actually drink up, NASA made a big deal of it.”这一细节。这种由于思维定式导致的理解错误，在学生的阅读理解中屡见不鲜，但只要我们稍加点拨，学生就能明白。
综上所述，教师和学生对细节题或多或少都存在重视不够的现象，这必然会导致学生失分严重，所以我们师生都不能只关注文章笼统的意思而忽视对语言细节的理解。另外，《普通高中英语课程标准》明确指出，学生在阅读过程中应该“分清文章的事实和观点”，“了解重点细节”和“理解指代关系”。因为事实细节是文章的重要组成部分，它能进一步说明文章的主旨和大意，是作者表达中心思想的具体途径。
二、对解题技巧的掌握不娴熟
至于获取阅读理解高分的另一把宝剑，那便是解题时采用的排除法。如果在某些情况下学生从正面选择答案有困难，就可以考虑选用排除法，即排除四个选项中的三个错误选项，那么剩下的选项即为正确答案。我们可以要求学生遵循如下“三级思考”的方法来排除干扰项：
如果干扰项明显与文章相矛盾，即为“误”，可以直接排除；
如果干扰项与文章内容不矛盾，但在文中没有依据，这种脱离原文的“虚”的选项也可以排除；
有些干扰项似乎很有道理，文中也能找到相关的依据，但它并不能完全满足题目的要求，未能以文章的主题、作者的思维模式为出发点，未能充分体现严谨性和最大的合理性，这种虽没错但不是最佳答案的“偏”选项也应该排除。
只要考生经过“是否矛盾（误）—是否有依据（虚）—是否以偏概全（偏）”的逐级思考过程来分析和甄别每一个选项，那么解题的正确率就会得以提高。正确的答案应该是与原文意义一致的选项，或是经过“三级思考”仍不能排除的选项。以学生出错最多的D篇来说，先看第53题：
53. According to the text, the recycling system is important because______.
A. it makes traveling to the moon for the average person possible
B. with it NASA won’t need to ship any water up to the space station
C. it can help meet the need for more water after the crew is expanded
D. it protects the environment in space by reducing the amount of waste
选项A属于“虚”，选项B属于“误”，选项D属于“偏”，所以正确选项是C。
54题正确选项是D，上文已经解释过。
55. From paragraph 5 we can know______.
A. an opinion on recycling urine
B. the process of recycling urine
C. the effect of the recycling system
D. the theory behind the recycling system
选项A属于“误”，选项C属于“偏”，选项D属于“误”，所以正确选项是B。
56. What is the best title for the text?
A. New Technology Is Used in the Space Station
B. Drink up: Space Station Recycles Urine to Water
C. The Research of NASA Has Made Great Progress
D. Good News: Water Recycled from Urine Tastes Good
选项A属于“偏”，选项C属于“误”，选项D属于“虚”，所以正确选项是B。
总而言之，我们教师在指导学生解答阅读理解题时，唯有既要让学生关注事实细节，又要注重对学生解题技巧的培养，这样才能把阅读理解教学落到实处，使学生在语言学习上有所收获。双剑合璧，方能立于不败之地！
（责任编辑 周侯辰）
一、对细节的理解不到位
1. 不关注词汇在语境中语意的变化以及受母语的影响
一般来说，细节理解题往往要求学生在阅读后带着问题回归原文相关的句子或段落中去查找答案，这一点很容易做到。但是, 有些学生在理解过程中，却忽略了词在选项中所表达的意思和在文章中所表达的意思在含义方面的区别，将其混为一谈，结果导致选择错误。请看A篇文章及第42、43题（以下例题均保留原题号）：
Hi, Antonio,
I read your blog and guess what? Now I have a summer job with my neighbor moving their lawn and doing work around their house and I am getting paid. I do the same work at my house but the pay is better at the neighbor’s. Have a great summer, man!
Posted by: Jack
Dear Antonio,
My son is 15 and he has been begging for a summer job. Do you know of any place that hires children of that age?
Posted by: Vallery
Hi, Antonio,
I am 13 years old and trying to earn money to take a trip with my chorus to Hawaii. I am willing to do any work at any hour during the summer.
Posted by: Ashley Jordan
Hi, Antonio,
I am 19 years old, a college student and I am looking for a summer job. Does anyone know somewhere that is hiring? I have been looking for two weeks now.
Posted by: Erica Allen
Dear Antonio,
My daughter is working in the file room at the law firm I work for and I am very happy that we were able to get her on. My concern is that she wouldn’t have got the summer job if I had not “known” people. What about kids whose parents do not know someone?
Posted by: Tracy
Hi, Antonio,
I found my summer job on my own and my parents are so proud of me because I did it on my own. That is why the world needs teens who can take responsibility for themselves and grow into mature and wise adults. Can’t wait for your next blog. I enjoy your writing. You have a great point of view.
Posted by: Jeff
42. From the above posts we learn that______.
A. Vallery has been begging in streets over the summer
B. Jack gets paid for cutting and moving the lawn for his own family
C. Erica is quite experienced in finding parttime jobs
D. Ashley is willing to do any parttime job during his trip to Hawaii
43. What do we know about Tracy from her post?
A. She operates a law firm.
B. She helped her daughter become a lawyer.
C. She’s proud that she has got her daughter a job.
D. She hopes to know more people to help kids get jobs.
对于42题，很多学生选A, 而正确的选项是B，因为A 选项Vallery has been begging in streets over the summer中的beg意思是 ask for food, money, etc;而在阅读理解短文中的意思是ask in a serious way, 这二者不能混为一谈。不少学生见到相同的词就选，为此我们教师要提醒学生必须关注词汇在语境中语意的变化。
43题正确选项是C，而很多学生选D，因为原文中有“What about kids whose parents do not know someone?”其实这两者根本不构成因果关系，也就是说“What about kids whose parents do not know someone?”并不能说明“She hopes to know more people to help kids get jobs.”而学生不选C的原因是对proud一词没有正确的理解，他们说proud中文意思是“骄傲的，自以为了不起的”，是个贬义词,而其实proud英文意思是“feel pleased and satisfied about sth. that you have done or own”。可见学生可能因受到母语的影响，而做出错误的选择。因此我们英语教师授课时要尽量用英语解释英语。记得特级教师何小怡也曾经说过，英语教师应该具备用英语来解释单词词义的能力。
2.不能识别出替换了的句式结构
在阅读理解中，命题者利用一些近义词、句等来替换原文中的语言表述，从而考查学生的语言功底和领悟上下文的能力。学生只要具备一定的词汇量和理解上下文的能力，很容易就能确定答案。问题是，一些学生往往不能识别出这种替换了的句式结构，从而导致理解不畅。请看B篇中的47题：
47. By saying “It remains to be seen whether ...”(Paragraph 4), Jerry Bingham intends to express______.
A. his angerB. his doubt
C. his agreementD. his criticism
第47小题的正确选项应该是B，因为doubt 的英文释义是 feeling of uncertainty,而“It remains to be seen whether ...”也是表达疑虑的一种方式。为此，在日常教学中，我们教师要让学生练习用不同的句型句式来表达相同的意义， 比如:It is not satisfactory. 可以替换为 It is far from satisfactory.也可以训练学生用不同的形式表达同一功能意念项目。
3.不善于甄别貌似正确的选项
为数不少的学生在解答细节理解题时，有时觉得简单，就凭着印象和暂时的记忆作选择，不回归原文进行对照区别，或者即使回归原文也不仔细对比差别，就急于作选择，殊不知出题人恰恰利用了学生这一心理，专门设置一个与原文相近的选项，干扰学生解题，例如C篇文章及第52题：
“Young Japanese and Koreans can be good friends, but there are limits in some areas. We avoid political or historical topics,” said Hiroaki Ohmura, 24, a gradstudent in computer science at Tsukuba University. He was at Korea University in Seoul as an exchange student last year.
Before going to ROK in 2007, some students warned him that Korean society could exclude(排除，拒绝)him and it could be difficult to enter. “I took that advice with a grain of salt, since Koreans looked friendly on TV dramas and movies,” said Ohmura.
The undergraduates in his major were all polite to him. They helped him move into the dormitory, invited him to parties and taught him Korean.
But he did feel a distance between himself and other students. “Their society is very tight and so close that, as a foreigner, I couldn’t break into it. For instance, they invited me to computer games, but not to join the school’s football team. They like going shopping with me, but not to buy Japanese products. It was more or less embarrassing.”
But he soon found the proper balance. “Japanese fashions always seem the most trendy in Asia. In my opinion, Korean fashions come from ours, or at least they borrowed some elements（元素）, but I never expressed that opinion,” Ohmura said. “Instead, I liked to share the trendiest Japanese items with them, which made our talk easier.”
Even though he was only in ROK for a year, he wanted to change something.
“In my opinion, Chinese students got along better than us with Koreans. It might be because ROK and China have tighter relations historically and culturally,” he said. “I know some Koreans don’t have a good impression about the Japanese, but as a young man, we should not let the past disagreement affect us too much.”
52. The passage is mainly about______.
A. some tips for exchange students
B. the worry of an exchange student
C. what Korean society is like for foreigners
D. Hiroaki’s experience of crosscultural communication
第52题正确选项是D，但是不少学生选C，因为在这篇文章中，多次出现Korean,society,foreigner等词，所以学生做题时，看到选项C 中有那么多刚才读过的词，就毫不犹豫地选中了这个答案。另外，部分学生对D选项中的crosscultural communication不太理解而不敢选，这说明学生没有对选项进行逐一甄别。
4.不能摆脱思维定式的束缚
很多学生由于思维定式,导致在这次考试中出现理解错误，对此教师在讲解时，要引导学生回归原文，关注细节，加以注意。请看D篇文章及第54题：
Astronauts aboard the space station celebrated a space first on Wednesday by drinking water that had been recycled from their urine(尿), sweat and water got from air. They said “cheers” to NASA workers on the ground.
The urine recycling system is needed for astronaut stations on the moon and Mars. It also will save NASA money because it won’t have to ship up as much water to the station by space shuttle or cargo rocket. Besides, it’s important as the space station is about to expand from three people living on board to six.
The recycling system had been brought up to the space station last November, but it couldn’t be used until samples（样品） were tested back on earth. So when it came time to actually drink up, NASA made a big deal of it. The threeman crew stood holding their drinks and congratulated engineers in two NASA centers that worked on the system.
“This is something that had been the stuff of science fiction,” American astronaut Michael Barratt said before taking a small mouthful. “The taste is worth trying.”
The new system takes the combined urine of the crew from the toilet and moves it to a big tank, where the water is boiled off, and the vapor is collected. The rest of the urine is thrown away. Then the water vapor is mixed with water from air, and then it goes through filters (过滤器). When six crew members are aboard, it can make about six gallons from urine in about six hours.
“Some people may find the idea of drinking recycled urine distasteful, but it is also done on earth, but with a lot longer time between urine and the tap,” said Marybeth Edeen, the space station’s national lab manager.
The technology NASA developed for this system has already been used for quick water purification after the 2004 Asian tsunami.
54. Which is the RIGHT time order of the following events?
a. The samples of the recycled water were tested on earth.
b. Astronauts celebrated the space’s first making water from urine.
c. The recycling system was brought up to the space station.
d. The technology for the system was used to quickly purify water.
A. a, d, c, b B. a, c, b, d
C. d, a, c, b D. d, c, a, b
对第54题，有的学生回忆说，他们在解题时根据常识是这样理解这道题的：首先是水回收净化技术的发明，接着是试验水的样品，试验后再安装在空间站上，最后饮用，所以他们选择C。 而正确选项是D，由此可见学生没有去仔细阅读原文中“The recycling system had been brought up to the space station last November, but it couldn’t be used until samples（样品）were tested back on earth. So when it came time to actually drink up, NASA made a big deal of it.”这一细节。这种由于思维定式导致的理解错误，在学生的阅读理解中屡见不鲜，但只要我们稍加点拨，学生就能明白。
综上所述，教师和学生对细节题或多或少都存在重视不够的现象，这必然会导致学生失分严重，所以我们师生都不能只关注文章笼统的意思而忽视对语言细节的理解。另外，《普通高中英语课程标准》明确指出，学生在阅读过程中应该“分清文章的事实和观点”，“了解重点细节”和“理解指代关系”。因为事实细节是文章的重要组成部分，它能进一步说明文章的主旨和大意，是作者表达中心思想的具体途径。
二、对解题技巧的掌握不娴熟
至于获取阅读理解高分的另一把宝剑，那便是解题时采用的排除法。如果在某些情况下学生从正面选择答案有困难，就可以考虑选用排除法，即排除四个选项中的三个错误选项，那么剩下的选项即为正确答案。我们可以要求学生遵循如下“三级思考”的方法来排除干扰项：
如果干扰项明显与文章相矛盾，即为“误”，可以直接排除；
如果干扰项与文章内容不矛盾，但在文中没有依据，这种脱离原文的“虚”的选项也可以排除；
有些干扰项似乎很有道理，文中也能找到相关的依据，但它并不能完全满足题目的要求，未能以文章的主题、作者的思维模式为出发点，未能充分体现严谨性和最大的合理性，这种虽没错但不是最佳答案的“偏”选项也应该排除。
只要考生经过“是否矛盾（误）—是否有依据（虚）—是否以偏概全（偏）”的逐级思考过程来分析和甄别每一个选项，那么解题的正确率就会得以提高。正确的答案应该是与原文意义一致的选项，或是经过“三级思考”仍不能排除的选项。以学生出错最多的D篇来说，先看第53题：
53. According to the text, the recycling system is important because______.
A. it makes traveling to the moon for the average person possible
B. with it NASA won’t need to ship any water up to the space station
C. it can help meet the need for more water after the crew is expanded
D. it protects the environment in space by reducing the amount of waste
选项A属于“虚”，选项B属于“误”，选项D属于“偏”，所以正确选项是C。
54题正确选项是D，上文已经解释过。
55. From paragraph 5 we can know______.
A. an opinion on recycling urine
B. the process of recycling urine
C. the effect of the recycling system
D. the theory behind the recycling system
选项A属于“误”，选项C属于“偏”，选项D属于“误”，所以正确选项是B。
56. What is the best title for the text?
A. New Technology Is Used in the Space Station
B. Drink up: Space Station Recycles Urine to Water
C. The Research of NASA Has Made Great Progress
D. Good News: Water Recycled from Urine Tastes Good
选项A属于“偏”，选项C属于“误”，选项D属于“虚”，所以正确选项是B。
总而言之，我们教师在指导学生解答阅读理解题时，唯有既要让学生关注事实细节，又要注重对学生解题技巧的培养，这样才能把阅读理解教学落到实处，使学生在语言学习上有所收获。双剑合璧，方能立于不败之地！
（责任编辑 周侯辰）