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J.R.R托尔金在其长篇小说《魔戒》中成功塑造了一个完整且自成体系的神话结构因此在近代奇幻文学中占有及其重要的位置。1938年起,托尔金于牛津大学执教的奇幻小说的本质一课,其间他表达了自己对于这种包含了童话、寓言以及神话的文学流派的看法:凡人造物(subcreation),不同于把世间万物转述或象征性地解释出来,是更要经过千百遍深思熟虑的。凡人造物是托尔金用来表示建立一个完整的神话世界观的术语:人类作家作为一名“渺小的造物者”在上帝造物的启示下缔造了属于他自己的小小世界。比如他笔下中土世界中形形色色的生物,都被托尔金认为是自身模仿上帝造物的作品。这种创作手法在《魔戒》中比比皆是。笔者就将通过赏析书中四种神话元素来阐释这一手法。
J.R.R Tolkien succeeded in shaping a complete and self-contained myth structure in his novel Lord of the Rings, thus occupying an important position in modern fantasy literature. Since Tolkien’s essay on the nature of a fantasy novel coached by Oxford University since 1938, he expressed his opinion of this literary genre that contains fairy tales, fables and myths: Unlike subcreation, Reproduced or symbolically explained, it is even more thoughtful after thousands of times. All human beings are the terms Tolkien used to express the establishment of a complete mythological worldview: The human writer as a “small creator” has created his own little world under the inspiration of God’s creation. For example, in his writings, all kinds of creatures in the Middle-earth world were considered by Tolkien to be imitations of God’s creation. This creative approach in the “Lord of the Rings” abound. The author will explain this technique by appreciating the four mythological elements in the book.