解析“中考英语对定语从句的考查”

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  初中英语中要求学生掌握关系代词that, which,who引导的定语从句。定语从句虽然不是各个地区的必考知识点,但常见的题目大多涉及关系代词的选用。我纵观近五年各地的中考试题,对考查情况作了以下的分析,希望对同学们掌握定语从句有一定的帮助。
  一、 定语从句的概念和结构
  在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后,对其先行词起限定作用。引导定语从句的关系代词that, which, who(whose, whom)和关系副词when, where, why.其基本结构为:先行词+关系词+定语从句。我这里着重讲由关系代词that, which,who引导的定语从句。
  二、 关系代词that, which, who的用法
  1.当先行词是人时,定语从句应用关系代词that, who来引导。当关系代词在句中作宾语时,常可省去。但在从句中作主语的关系代词不可省去。例如:
  The boy that/who is playing the piano is my brother.
  那个正在弹钢琴的男孩是我的哥哥。
  The police caught the thief that/who stole my purse.
  警察抓到了偷我钱包的小偷。
  注意指人时,当先行词为everybody, anybody, everyone, anyone等时,要用who,而不用that,例如:
  Is there anyone who has seen the film?
  2.当先行词是物时,定语从句应用关系代词that, which来引导。例如:
  Hero is the film that/which was directed by Zhang Yimou.
  《英雄》是张艺谋导演的电影。
  Have you found the information that/which you need for your article?
  你找到了你文章需要的资料了吗?
  注意关系代词在作介词宾语时,只能用which且不能省略。例如:
  The house in which he once lived is a
  meeting room.
  他曾经住过的房屋是会议室。
  3. 下列情况下,先行词指物时,只能用that引导,不能用which引导。
  a. 先行词是all, little, much, none, everything, anything, nothing等代词时。例如:
  Is there anything (that)you don’t understand?
  你还有什么不懂的地方吗?
  All that he said is true.
  他说的一切都是真的。
  b. 先行词被序数词或the last,the only, the very修饰时。例如:
  This is the very novel (that) you want to borrow.
  这就是你非常想借的那本小说。
  This is the first textbook (that) I studied in the primary school.
  这是我小学时学的第一本书。
  c. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。例如:
  That is the highest building (that) I have ever seen.
  那是我见过的最高建筑。
  d. 先行词被all, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时,例如:
  They haven’t got any dictionaries (that) we need.
  他们没有我们所需要的字典。
  e. 先行词既包含人又包含物时。例如:
  He told us many interesting things and persons (that) we had never heard.
  他告诉我们许多没听过的有趣的人和事。
  f. 当主句是以疑问词who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。例如:
  Which is the hotel that you like best?
  哪个是你最喜欢的旅店?
  4. 关系代词作主语时,其后的谓语动词或代词应与先行词的人称、数一致。例如:
  The student who has finished his work is my friend.
  完成工作的那位学生是我的朋友。
  三、 对关系代词“that”的考查
  (1) A robot is a machinecan do some difficult work instead of man.(2006·连云港)
  A. whoB. /C. thatD. what
  (2) It is said that robots can do many things
  humans can’t dothe control of computers.(2009·江苏苏州)
  A. what;under B. that;with
  C. that;under D. what;with
  (3) Is everythingwe need to do
  ?(2010·江苏泰州)
  A. which;has done B. which;doing
  C. that;has done D. that;done
  二、 对关系代词“which”的考查
  (4) They want to develop a kind of dog-friendly foodwill help dog owners cool down their pets.(2010·常州)
  A. who B. what
  C. which D. whether
  (5) The panda is a kind of animalcan be found in China.(2006·福建福州)
  A. whoB. whoseC. whichD.where
  (6) —Do you knowthere will be a football match at 9 o’clock tomorrow morning in the city square?
  —Yes. I read about it in the newspaper
  I bought yesterday.(2009·湖北黄冈)
  A. which; that B. that; which
  C. Where; that D. when; which
  (7) Do you remember the report about the teacher was read by our monitor last week?(2010·江西南昌)
  A. which B. what C. whom D. who
  三、 对关系代词“who”的考查
  (8) We’re very grateful to the teachers
  taught us in our junior high.(2008·淮安)
  A. whichB. whatC. whoD. where
  (9) Jamie is a young cookwants to improve school dinners.(2010·天津)
  A. whoB. whoseC. whomD. which
  (10) All the children like the teachers
  can understand them. (2007·吉林长春)
  A. whoB. whichC. whatD. whom
  (11) A friend is someone fills our lives with beauty, joy and grace, and makes the world welive in a better and happier place.(2010·浙江玉溪)
  A. whichB. whoC. whereD. whom
  (12) have finished the work can leave.(2008·上海)
  A. Those who B. Anyone
  C. The one who D. someone
  参考答案
  (1) C(2) C(3) D(4) C(5) C(6) B(7) A(8) C(9) A(10) A(11) B(12) A
  注:本文中所涉及到的图表、注解、公式等内容请以PDF格式阅读原文
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