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发现肝素并明确其特性,是近代外科治疗中重要的药理学里程碑。肝素能抑制血液凝固、防止凝血过程活化,让当代外科医生能进入过去因顾虑出血或血栓形成而不能进入的许多外科领域。目前,已将肝素广泛应用于心脏外科、周围血管外科、透析、自体输血、器官移植、治疗肺栓塞、弥漫性血管内凝血和静脉血栓形成等方面。本文旨在重点讨论临床肝素治疗的并发症,并将其分为急性给药组、慢性治疗组和肝素中和组三种情况下所产生的并发症。急性并发症过敏因肝素制剂的日益精制,在肝素治疗中很少发生心肺过敏虚脱,过敏发生率在1%以下,但有近5%的病人发生轻度支气管收缩、流泪、荨麻疹和鼻炎。肝素可抑制各种免疫性炎性疾患,如延迟过
Discovering heparin and clarifying its properties are important pharmacological milestones in modern surgical treatment. Heparin suppresses blood clotting and prevents activation of the clotting process, allowing contemporary surgeons access to many of the surgical fields that were previously inaccessible due to bleeding or thrombosis. Currently, heparin has been widely used in cardiac surgery, peripheral vascular surgery, dialysis, autologous blood transfusion, organ transplantation, the treatment of pulmonary embolism, disseminated intravascular coagulation and venous thrombosis and so on. This article aims to focus on the clinical complications of heparin therapy, and divided into acute administration group, chronic treatment group and heparin neutralization group of three complications. Acute complications Allergy Cardiopulmonary allergy is rare in heparin therapy due to the increasingly refined preparations of heparin. The incidence of allergy is below 1%, but mild bronchoconstriction, tearing, hives and rhinitis occur in nearly 5% of patients. Heparin can inhibit a variety of immune inflammatory disorders, such as delayed