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在深圳特区的经济运作中,对规模经济的划分标准,存在着两种不同的认识。一种意见认为,在商品经济条件下,流通企业资本在2000万元以上,从业人员超过2000人;制造企业投资在1000万元以上,从业人员超过300人,这才算是规模经济。笔者认为,这种认识带有片面性。1983年,美国共有企业1524.5万家,其中资产总额在100万美元以下的为1469.6万家,占企业总数的96.4%;而资产总额在100万美元以上的只有52.4万家,占企业总数的3.6%。1986年,日本的制造业中,300人以上的企业有4209家,只占制造业企业总数874471家的0.5%;在商业中,30人以下的企业为2988452家,占商业企业总数3045764家的98.1%,100人以上的企业为6637家,只有商业企业总数的0.2%。上述情况说明,如果光是将企业的资产总额和从业人员的数量作为衡量规模经济的标准,那美国、日本岂不是规模经济搞得很差了吗? 另一种意见认为,不论流通企业还是制造企业,要鉴别它是否形成规模经济,主要看其产品所占市场比率、产值总额、经济效益和社会效益的高与低。笔者认为,这种认识比较全面,符合循序渐进的经济发展规律。
In the economic operation of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, there are two different understandings of the criteria for the classification of economies of scale. According to one opinion, under the conditions of the commodity economy, the capital of circulation companies is over 20 million yuan, and the number of employees is more than 2,000; manufacturing enterprises are investing more than 10 million yuan and employ more than 300 people, which is considered to be a scale economy. The author believes that this understanding is one-sided. In 1983, a total of 15.245 million companies were in the United States, of which 14.69 million were under assets of less than US$1 million, accounting for 96.4% of the total number of companies; while only 524,000 were with assets over US$1 million, accounting for 3.6 of the total number of enterprises. %. In 1986, there were 4,209 Japanese manufacturing companies with more than 300 employees, accounting for only 0.5% of the total number of manufacturing enterprises with 874,471; among businesses, 2,298,452 were companies with less than 30 employees, accounting for 3,045,764 commercial enterprises. 98.1% of companies with more than 100 employees were 6,637, accounting for only 0.2% of the total number of commercial enterprises. The above situation shows that if the company’s total assets and number of employees are used as the standard for measuring economies of scale, isn’t the United States and Japan worse off than economies of scale? Another view is that no matter the circulation company is still manufacturing In order to identify whether it forms economies of scale, an enterprise must mainly consider the market share, total output value, economic benefits, and social benefits of its products. The author believes that this understanding is more comprehensive and consistent with the law of gradual economic development.