The Impact of French on English Words

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  Introduction
  In retrospect,foreign languages had a great impact on English development and evolution.However,French had the most fundamental influence because of the Norman Conquest in 1066 AD.In terms of words,French and English fused together,which enormously enriched English words and expressions.The main method of the great influence is loaning words from French,which is worth noticing in the spectrum of the multihued English.
  Literature Review
  Four Stages of Loaning French Words
  The absorption of French can be roughly divided into four stages.The first stage started from Norman Conquest.In this process,French played the role of connecting English,Greek and Roman culture.The second stage started from Renaissance,lots of French words poured into England mainly in the field of administrative management,judicial and religious department.The third stage started from Stuart Dynasty.Words mainly focus on military department and daily life.The fourth stage means the modern times.
  Representative French Words in English
  There are some representative words in literature like resumé,cliché,matinée,rococo,Renaissance and première.In the culture of dancing,the word ballet came from French.Other words like assemblé,ballonné,arabesque,ballon,ballotté,chassé,Cirouette vividly described the steps,posture and movements in ballet.
  Representative French Affixes in English
  Some significant part of French has also been anglicized,like affixes.Prefixes like mal-(malnutrition),non-(nonverbal),semi-(semifinal),pre-(preconceive),inter-(intercultural)and sub-(subtitle); suffixes like -able(conceivable),-acy(legacy),-age(teenage),-ancy(vacancy)and -ate(accumulate).
  Body
  Aristocracy Culture
  In the noble court of Norman Dynasty,French was their official language,which was not only spoken by the King of England,but all the officers in government,tribunal and army.Instructors in schools,priests in churches and diplomats in formal occasions all used French,which led to a wide spread from top to bottom.For instance,words like government,authority,sovereign,parliament,treaty,alliance,mayor were used in administrative body; clergy,cardinal,parson,vicar,communion,faith were put into use in religious field.
  Rank of Nobility
  French was considered as a noble and quaint language dominantly spoken by the aristocrats in upper classes,while English as the local language was used by common people.As a result,French was relatively formal and serious while English was rather colloquial and casual.A specific case could aptly exemplified the point mentioned above.All the titles of the aristocrats are French except for earl.The sequence is duke,duchess; marquis,marchioness; earl,countess; viscount,viscountess; baron,baroness.   Cuisine Culture
  French cuisine enjoys a worldwide reputation for its long history and great tradition,which has constituted an indispensable part of French culture.A strict rule must be followed when having French cuisine.For example,the order of dining,the usage of various forks and knifes,the collocation of food and wine,and so on.Deeply influenced by French cuisine in Norman times,English has loaned many French words concerning food.Such as entree,bearnaise,beignet,vol-au-vent,bouillon,civet,bouillabaisse,cotelette,creme,beef,veal,mutton and pork.
  Architectural Culture
  In Renaissance,the architectural arts in France developed in a skyrocketing speed,which exercised a great impact on English architecture.Those styles in France owned a counterpart in England.As a result,large quantities of architectural French words poured into English like baroque,art-nouveau and gargoyle.
  Religious Culture
  Faith and belief are needed in any time at any places.With the development of Norman power,most high position among churches had been occupied by Normans.As a result,words concerning religion evolved rapidly as well,such as theology,sermon,baptism,communion,confession,penance,prayer and lesson.Also the titles of the position like clergy,pastor,prelate,cardinal,legate,dean,parson,vicar,abbess,novice,friar and hermit.
  Conclusion
  To sum up,French had an enormous impact on English in terms of various vocabularies and diverse grammars.Due to the special geographical location,the history of Norman Dynasty and frequent cultural communication,French has been invariably immersing in English with time going by.All kinds of vocabularies,the most active part in language,is the preeminent evidence of this phenomena.
  References:
  [1]汪榕培.卢晓娟.英语词汇学教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.1997.
  [2]韩晶.法语对英语的影响[J].长春师范学院学报.2007.09:85-87.
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