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1865年11月,担任中国海关总税务司的英国人赫德,向清政府“总理各国事务衙门”(掌管外交、通商事务,下简称总理衙门)呈送《局外旁观论》一文。文中,赫德希望清政府改革弊制,实行新政。转年2月,英国驻华公使参赞威妥玛又托公使阿礼国上呈总理衙门《新议略论》,提出了与赫德呈文类似的要求。威妥玛还用威胁的口吻说:中国若不变革,借
In November 1865, Hurd, the British general department of customs administration of China, presented an article entitled “Observations outside the Chamber” to the Qing government, “The Yamen of the Prime Ministers” (in charge of diplomatic and trade affairs, hereinafter referred to as the “Premier Yamen”). In the article, Hurd hoped the Qing government to reform the system of drawbacks and implement the new policy. In February of the same year, the petitioner of the British Ambassador to China, Wotoma, and his minister, Alhwa, presented a “new strategy” on the Prime Minister Yamen’s line and proposed a similar request to Hurd’s article. Wertmah also said in a threatening tone: If China does not reform, borrow