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Most vascular plants interact with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and are thereby provided significant advantages in nutrient acquisition,especially phosphate.The widespread retention of this symbiosis in vascular plants is testament to its importance and ancient origins.This highlight focuses on the reports of two of the first genes identified through forward genetic screens for AMF symbiotic mutants:Required for Abuscular Mycorrhization 1 (RAM1) and RAM2,which respectively encode a GRAS transcription factor and a glycerol-3-phosphate acyl-transferase (GPAT) that are required for the formation of fungal entry structures (hyphopodia) on the root surface.This provides the first insights into a mycorrhization specific signaling pathway and reveals cutin monomers as a critical component of signaling in the mycorrhizal symbiosis.We discuss the proposed links between these genes,and the role of cutin and its precursors in interactions with AMF,and oomycete and fungal pathogens.