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Objective This study investigated whether HSP70 induced by heat stress protects heterotopically transplanted donor hearts.Methods A total of 60 donor rats were divided randomly into six groups.Five groups received heat stress and one was a control group.Donor hearts were heterotopically transplanted into recipient rats at five time points after heat stress (0h, 24h, 48h, 96h, 192h).The levels of HSP70 expression in donor hearts and the variation of myocardial enzymes in receptor blood or donor hearts were measured 24h after transplantation.The donated hearts were also examined microscopically for pathological changes.Results HSP70 expression was highest in the 24h group (P<0.01) and decreased gradually in the 48h group and the 96h group.HSP70 expression did not differ significantly among the control group, the 0h group and the 192h group (P>0.05).The 24h group had the lowest lactatedehydrogenase and creatine kinase muscle band concentrations in receptor blood of all the groups; this group also showed the lowest atriphosphate and malondialdehyde concentrations (P<0.01) and mildest inflammatory injury in the transplanted hearts.Conclusion Heat stress may be a practical way for clinical application to protect donor hearts from ischemia-reperfusion injury by inducing endogenous HSP70.We found a time-dose-effect relationship among heat stress, HSP70, and the protection of donor hearts.