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In drug development, registrational studies (phases 1-3) and post-marketing studies (phase 4) are per ceived by many the opposite ends of quality, importance, and scientific rigor.Although China has increasingly be come more and more involved in early development, the vast majority of data available are still through post-market ing activities.In the post-Vioxx era, the design, conduct, and analysis of studies from beyond registrational phases have become more and more important and even a focus of the pharmaceutical/biotech industry.In this talk I will present the different types of research and the scientific challenges and opportunities in the post-marketing area.I will also discuss where significant contributions can be made to the science and the roles we can take to correct the above mentioned misperceptions.