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The recognition of the gut microbiota-host metabolic axis and its implications in human metabolic disease has highlighted the contribution of the gut microbiome to pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism, and drug induced toxicity.The integrative omics approaches, including pharmacometabonomics and metagenomics, have demonstrated great promise for characterizing xenobiotic interventions that are associated with wide variation in efficacy or toxicity in humans, as well as for predicting individual response and susceptibility to toxicity.